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The Double-edged Sword Effect in Organizational Behavior Research: Typical Patterns and Strategy Suggestions Zhang Jiaojiao, Luo Wenhao Management Review    2022, 34 (9): 195-207.   Abstract （633）      PDF （1371KB）（2131）       Knowledge map    Mainstream organizational scholars tend to look at either the positive or negative influence of independent variables on dependent variables. However, this simple approach contrasts with the complicated phenomena in management practices. It is also less conducive to the meaningful integration of different studies. As a result, research on the double-edged sword effect has emerged in recent years. Though there are increasing studies examining the double-edged sword effect, it is worth noting that the interpretation of the effect remains unclear, the underlying mechanism is ambiguous, and the corresponding research pattern is often inappropriately used. By systematically analyzing 137 organizational behavior studies demonstrating the double-edged sword effect in both Chinese and English, this study clarifies the nature of the double-edged sword effect, identifies two major motives for conducting research on the topic, and classifies the existing research pattern into three main types (direct effect, indirect effect and moderating effect) and six sub-types. This study also offers five explanations of the potential theoretical basis for research on the double-edged sword effect. Finally, we offer practical suggestions for future researches. The present study is expected to demonstrate the potential contribution of researches on the double-edged sword effect, and to inspire more valuable future studies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Formation Mechanism of Consumers' Coping Behavior in Product Harm Crisis——A Grounded Research Based on PADM Theory Fan Chunmei, Ye Dengnan, Li Huaqiang    2019, 31 (8): 230-239.   Abstract （298）      PDF （1325KB）（747）       Knowledge map    Based on grounded theory methods, through collecting and analyzing consumer electronics product-harm events related microblogs, applying PADM theory and coping behavior theory, this paper develops a model to explain the formation mechanism of consumers' coping behavior in product harm crisis. The model indicates that consumers form their cognition of product harm crisis based on attributes of the harm crisis, information sources, information channels and event responses, and their cognition is moderated by the characteristics of the companies and consumers. The cognition leads to perceptions of risk, stakeholders and behavior, and further forms their problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping through a behavior decision process. The findings are of great significance for improving the effects of risk communication and crisis response strategies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship among Proactive Personality, Knowledge Sharing and Employee's Innovation Behavior Zhang Zhengang, Yu Chuanpeng, Li Yunjian    2016, 28 (4): 123-133.   Abstract （1491）      PDF （1110KB）（5415）       Knowledge map    Based on the two cognitive perspectives:individual and situational characteristic, this paper tests the relationship among proactive personality, knowledge sharing and employee's innovation behavior using multiple regression analysis of linear models through 199 staffs' questionnaire surveys. In addition, based on trait activation theory, innovation climate's moderating effect between the relationship of proactive personality with knowledge sharing and employee's innovation behavior is also tested. Results of the regression analyses suggest that proactive personality has a positive impact on the employee's innovation behavior, and knowledge sharing has a moderating role between proactive personality and employee's innovation behavior. The results also show that innovation climate negatively moderates the relationship of proactive personality with knowledge sharing and employee's innovation behavior. Higher innovation climate weakens the proactive personality's positive influence to knowledge sharing and employee's innovation behavior. These results further support the basic idea of the trait activation theory. Therefore, creating a good innovation climate to make up the "inadequate" of employee's initiative is a feasible path for managers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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U-shaped Curve Relationship between Guanxi and Performance and the Moderating Effect of Marketization Process Lu Tingyu, Zhang Xubing, Zhou Yuting, Zhuang Guijun, He Yong Management Review    2025, 37 (7): 141-153.   Abstract （163）      PDF （1333KB）（176）       Knowledge map    Building on institutional theory, this paper examines the impact of distributor-supplier interpersonal guanxi and government-business guanxi on sales performance, as well as the moderating roles of government information transparency and the marketization index. Drawing on 223 paired survey responses from distributors and suppliers in a business-to-business context, as well as government information transparency, marketization index and gross sales, the authors reach following conclusions. First, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between interpersonal guanxi and sales performance, while government-business guanxi exhibits a U-shaped relationship. Second, government information transparency strengthens the inverted U-shaped relationship between interpersonal guanxi and sales performance, while the marketization index weakens this effect. Third, government information transparency enhances the U-shaped relationship between government-business guanxi and sales performance, while the marketization index weakens this effect. Additionally, we discuss the theoretical contributions, practical implications, limitations, and future research directions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Value Co-creation Path of the “Belt and Road” Enterprise Technology Standards Alliance: The Case of Haier Ecosystem Cao Xin, Liu Yao, Zhou Qing, Liu Renhuai Management Review    2025, 37 (7): 275-288.   Abstract （164）      PDF （9081KB）（198）       Knowledge map    BRTSA as a new form of organization for enterprises to go overseas in a group, the value co-creation of alliance subjects has become an important means to enhance competitive advantage. In this paper, a longitudinal case study of the Haier ecosystem reveals the following results. Firstly, BRTSA value co-creation presents an evolutionary path of “chain integration-network synergy-ecological empowerment”, through the resource integration of “aggregation-optimization-reconstruction” and the interactive cooperation of “complementarity-interaction-openness”. It links upstream and downstream resources of the industry chain, synergizes multi-chain integration relationship network and builds cross-domain value ecology, which promotes the leap of alliance technology standards and standard products. Secondly, BRTSA value co-creation has an inherent mechanism of joint construction and sharing. The main body of the alliance reaches consensus on technical standards and improves technical innovation capability; the alliance as a whole builds technical standards and promotes the transformation of technical achievements; the alliance eco-sharing boosts the value-addedness of technical standards and strengthens the empowerment of technological leadership, thus realizing the value symbiosis of the main body and the sustainable development of the alliance. Thirdly, compared with the traditional enterprise technology standard alliance, BRTSA has the new features of adaptability, synergy and leapfrogging. This paper clarifies the attribute characteristics of BRTSA, constructs the alliance value co-creation path process model and internal mechanism, which not only enriches the theoretical connotation and extension of the enterprise technical standard alliance, and deepens the alliance value co-creation process research and application situation, but also provides practical inspiration for enterprises to enhance technical standardization capability and international competitive advantage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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To Disperse or to Concentrate: Customer Concentration and Firm Performance Zhao Shan, Li Guihua Management Review    2023, 35 (2): 294-305.   Abstract （558）      PDF （1279KB）（963）       Knowledge map    Maintaining the relationship with major customers is one of the important sources for firms to obtain competitive advantages and high profits. However, financial dependence and resource allocation for a few major customers may lead to suboptimal results for the overall performance of firms. Based on the data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2017, this paper empirically tests the relationship between customer concentration and firm performance and the potential mechanism of internal and external factors on the relationship. The results show that customer concentration has a negative impact on firm performance; the relationship-specific investment and industry competition degree both aggravate the negative impact of customer concentration on firm performance; by dividing listed companies into state-owned companies and non-state-owned companies according to the ownership, the study further finds that the negative impact of customer concentration on the performance of non-state-owned enterprises is significantly higher than that of state-owned ones. The research results provide theoretical leverage and practical reference for firms to implement customer relation management and resource allocation decisions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Enterprise Negative Events on Brand Extension Evaluation: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Sense of Betrayal Li Yalin, Jing Fengjie    2016, 28 (11): 129-139.   Abstract （477）      PDF （1130KB）（1356）       Knowledge map    Given the increasing occurrence of enterprise negative events, the paper explores how different types of enterprise negative e-vents affect consumers' evaluations of brand extension through the mediator variable of the consumers' perceived sense of betrayal as well as the regulation effect of the psychological distance and brand fit. The research finds that different type of negative events has quite different influence on consumers' evaluations of brand extension through the mediator variable of the consumers' perceived sense of be-trayal. While a subsequent study finds that the psychological distance and brand fit have regulating effects, indicating that closer psycho-logical distance leads to higher perceived sense of betrayal. But the brand fit has some protective effect and it reduces the effects of per-ceived sense of betrayal on brand extension evaluation, i.e. the lower the brand fit is, the smaller effect the perceived sense of betrayal will have on brand extension evaluation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Empirical Study on the Impact of Online Reviews on Consumers' Purchasing Intention Du Xuemei, Ding Jingyu, Xie Zhihong, Lei Lifang    2016, 28 (3): 173-183.   Abstract （1461）      PDF （1331KB）（8640）       Knowledge map    Online word-of-mouth (WOM) has been playing an increasingly important role in consumers' purchasing decisions for the reason that Internet has greatly amplified the influence of WOM on consumers. This paper researches the online review which is one of the main forms of online WOM. It firstly develops a conceptual model for online reviews' power on consumers' purchasing intention which includes the receiver professional ability as the control factor, then raises corresponding hypotheses. Finally, the model and the hypotheses are tested and revised by empirical methods. The results of this paper show factors of functional value including the quantity, the quality and the titer of the comments affect consumers' purchasing intention positively. Besides, factors of receiver's mental representations including perceived risk, involvement and trust propensity have positive influence on online reviews' power on consumers' purchasing intention. Meantime, the receiver professional ability adjusts the relationships between the quality as well as the quantity of the comments and consumers' purchasing intention, but not the relationship between perceived risk and consumers' purchasing intention. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investment Strategy of Cryptocurrency Market Based on Disposition Effect and Momentum Effect Liu Shuai, Fang Yong, Wang Shouyang Management Review    2024, 36 (6): 94-106.   Abstract （292）      PDF （1433KB）（260）       Knowledge map    This paper selects capital gains overhang as a proxy variable for disposition effect, using public data and measurement methods to empirically test and confirm the existence of disposition effect and momentum effect in the cryptocurrency market. Three types of investment strategies have been designed for an investment pool that contains only cryptocurrency assets and no other traditional assets under the guidance of disposition effect and momentum effect. The investment targets of this paper are not only some cryptocurrencies with large market capitalization, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, but more varieties, accounting for more than 95% of the total market value of all cryptocurrencies. Under various parameter settings, the investment strategy that combines these two effects outperforms any strategy based on a single effect, and the three types of investment strategies directed by investor irrational behavior guidance are all better than the equal weight model which are robust and universal. In particular, this paper also discusses the duration of the momentum effect and disposition effect in the cryptocurrency market, the parameter selection of capital gains overhang and the ordering period parameter setting of the momentum strategy. It is found that the cryptocurrency market changes faster than the stock market, and the iteration cycle is shortened a lot. In addition, the momentum effect lasts no more than two weeks and the impact of disposition effect on the rate of return are within half a month in the cryptocurrency market. It is only valid to use daily data or higher frequency data to calculate the amount of capital gains overhang and to conduct back-testing to test the existence of disposition effect. On the contrary, the use of low-frequency weekly data is invalid. When the ordering period of the momentum strategy exceeds half of the duration of the momentum effect, the momentum strategy is not significantly affected by the ordering period parameter. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential Game Model of Online Advertising in the Supply Chain System under the CPA Mode Yu Hui, Zhang Haonan, Chen Dongyan, Wu Zhihui Management Review    2025, 37 (3): 238-249.   Abstract （159）      PDF （1769KB）（74）       Knowledge map    To avoid the uncertainty risk brought by the delayed effect of online advertising, enterprises often adopt CPA (cost per action) advertising for network promotion. This paper explores the online advertising decision and coordination problem for a supply chain with the delayed effect under the CPA mode. By establishing goodwill as a delay differential equation and time-dependent online advertising cost function, the deferential game model is firstly constructed for online advertising in a supply chain under the CAP mode. Next, the optimal control theory is utilized to derive the optimal online advertising and pricing strategies, product goodwill, and supply chain profits under the decentralized and centralized decision scenarios. Then, the decision results are compared and analyzed, and the best decision-making mechanism of the supply chain system is proposed. A dynamic wholesale price contract is designed to coordinate the supply chain perfectly based on the best decision-making supply chain as a benchmark. Finally, numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the presented results and provide the sensitivity analysis of online advertising investment, goodwill, profit and coordination parameters. It is found that, unlike the traditional advertising situation, the optimal advertising investment of the manufacturer is time-dependent under the CPA mode and follows the principle of “gradual reduction-early termination.” Under the CPA mode, the shorter delayed effect of online advertising and the better sales results can enhance the cooperation enthusiasm of two sides. As a result, enterprises tend to adopt the centralized decision-making mechanism that can ensure the maximum profit of the whole supply chain. The research results provide some theoretical guidance for the marketing practice of supply chain enterprises. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Analysis and Policy Recommendations on the Spread of Network Public Opinion in Major Production Safety Accidents——A Case Study of the 8·12 Tianjin Port Explosion Liu Yijun, Chen Sijia, Huang Yuan, Ma Ning, Wang Guanghui, Niu Wenyuan    2016, 28 (3): 221-229.   Abstract （550）      PDF （4609KB）（2556）       Knowledge map    The 8·12 Tianjin Port Explosion is an extremely serious accident belonging to the category of production safety, In addition, it has been paid great attention by the Party Central Committee and the State Council. After the occurrence of this accident, the emergency disposal was steadily progressing. However, in the meantime, network opinions focusing on this event got out of control rapidly, which had been one of the primary secondary disasters of the Tianjin Port Explosion. Therefore, this paper sets the network opinion caused by the 8·12 Tianjin Port Explosion as the analysis object, and based on some main characteristics of this network public opinion spread, builds a multilayer and multi-attribute model of public opinion spread which contains agent, information, psychology, opinion property, then applies simulation tool for scenario analysis, which aims to comprehensively obtain the opinion public formation and evolution rule of this kind of major emergency accidents, Finally, proposes some disposal recommendations of public opinion in major accident belonging to the category of production safety. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mitigating Turnover Intention Caused by Perceived Overqualification: The Three-order Interaction of Organizational Belongingness and Need of Belonging Chen Lanlan, Jiang Xinhui, Wang Maolin, Wang Yanling, Chen Nannan Management Review    2024, 36 (6): 169-182.   Abstract （303）      PDF （2312KB）（265）       Knowledge map    The present research shifts the eyesight to need of relatedness, proposing that organizational belongingness can effectively buffer the impact of perceived overqualification on turnover intention. The job embeddedness model provides a theoretical basis for developing this hypothesis. Furthermore, drawing upon a “needs-supplies fit” perspective, the research identifies the boundary condition of the moderating effect - specifically, the level of an employee’s need of belonging. This leads to the development of a three-order interaction model. The expected significant three-order interaction is found in Study 1. In contrast to Study 1, Study 2’s sample consists of 261 factory workers with different education levels. Moreover, Study 2 supports the notion that turnover intention can predict objective voluntary quitting one year later. This study contributes new theoretical and practical implications for reducing the turnover tendency among employees with high perceived overqualification. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Leader Reward Omission, Organization-based Self-esteem and Employee Work Withdrawal Behavior: The Moderating Role of Perceived Overqualification Mei Mei, Liao Sijia, Yang Fu, Yang Chen Management Review    2025, 37 (10): 174-184.   Abstract （103）      PDF （1253KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Work withdrawal behavior is a common phenomenon in the workplace, posing potential risks to both organizational and individual performance. While previous studies have explored the key role of leader reward in shaping employee behavior, there has been relatively less focus on the consequences of leader reward omission. Given the prevalence nature of laissez-faire leadership (e.g., leader reward omission) in practice, its impact on employees’ work withdrawal behavior cannot be ignored. Drawing upon conservation of resources theory, the current study explores how and when leader reward omission fosters employees’ work withdrawal behavior by examining organization-based self-esteem as a mediator and perceived overqualification as a moderator. The final sample consists of 317 employees who participated in two-wave surveys. The results show that: (1) leader reward omission has a positive effect on employees’ work withdrawal behavior; (2) organization-based self-esteem mediates the relationship between leader reward omission and work withdrawal behavior; (3) perceived overqualification moderates the relationship between leader reward omission and organization-based self-esteem, such that the relationship is stronger when perceived overqualification is high rather than low; and (4) perceived overqualification also moderates the indirect effect of leader reward omission on employees’ work withdrawal behavior through organization-based self-esteem, with this indirect effect beingamplified at high levels of perceived overqualification. This study not only deepens the understanding of the formation process of work withdrawal behavior, but also provides insights and guidance for organizations aiming to effectively reduce employees’ work withdrawal behavior. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation of Brand Competitiveness Enhancement Model of FMCG Enterprises——A Case Study of Tsingtao Beer from the Perspective of Dynamic Capability Zhang Feng, Huang Yi, Yao Ge, Tan Xiongkai Management Review    2022, 34 (9): 327-338,352.   Abstract （555）      PDF （2071KB）（790）       Knowledge map    Brand competitiveness enhancement mode has been a focus of concern in academia and industry, but so far as fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) brands are concerned, their competitiveness enhancement is full of challenges due to such factors as product homogenization and fierce market competition. Dynamic capability of a FMCG enterprise refers to its ability to fully mobilize and coordinate existing resources in the dynamic changing market environment and take appropriate response strategies in time according to market changes. From the dynamic capability perspective, this study focuses on the improvement of FMCG brand competitiveness based on the practical experience of Tsingtao Brewery with such phased objectives as customer acquisition, customer maintenance and customer loyalty. According to the development history of Tsingtao Beer, this paper makes a vertical analysis on the product structure optimization stage, the channel segmentation expansion stage and the brand viscosity enhancement stage. We also compare and analyze the successful experience of Tsingtao Beer in Shijiazhuang and its failure experience in Chengde, and develop a novel model for improving the competitiveness of FMCG brands. Finally, we comb out a new path mode to improve the brand competitiveness of FMCG enterprises. This model enriches the relevant theoretical literature of brand competitiveness and provides a reference for other FMCG enterprises to improve their brand competitiveness. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship between the Usage of Environmental Games and Normative Environmental Motivation—A Longitudinal Experimental Investigation of Gamification Intervention Qi Hang, Si Teng, Wang Guangchao, Shao Shuai, Ma Shoufeng Management Review    2025, 37 (6): 238-251.   Abstract （210）      PDF （1415KB）（143）       Knowledge map    Under the background of the digital economy, the environmental games represented by Ant-Forest have led the gamification fashion of environmental protection, which is also an example of the technology-empowered environmental governance innovation. Although previous studies have confirmed that environmental games promote pro-environmental behavior, most of the existing studies are cross-sectional surveys, which can hardly smooth out the dispute about the relationship between the continuous use of environmental games and the normative environmental motivation, and to confirm the short-term and long-term effects of gamification interventions. This study recruits 141 subjects who have rare experience with Ant-Forest and first organizes a two-stage randomized field experiment. In the first stage (30 days), the subjects are randomly assigned to four experimental groups to receive corresponding experimental treatments and participate in a questionnaire survey before and after the experiment. In the second stage (110 days), all subjects do not receive any intervention and only participate in the follow-up survey at the end. A series of statistical analyses indicate that (1) normative environmental motivation can significantly positively predict the willingness to use environmental games a month later, but the willingness to use environmental games cannot predict normative environmental motivation in the future; (2) gamification intervention significantly improves the environmental concern and psychological ownership of players, and it is sustainable after the intervention is weakened or even disappear, while the traditional intervention, environmental appeals, can only significantly improve the environmental concern. (3) A negative interaction effect is observed between gamification intervention and environmental appeals. Therefore, gamification intervention with extremely low social and economic costs can be an effective alternative to environmental appeals. However, the government still needs to take comprehensive measures to train the public to “form a lasting and universal green lifestyle”. This study makes certain theoretical contributions to the exploration of the internal mechanism of how the sustainable use of environmental games influences players’ psychology and motivations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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How to Make Your WeChat Brand Posts Popular?——Empirical Evidence from Well-known Brands Peng Chenming, Zhang Sha, Zhao Hong    2016, 28 (12): 176-186.   Abstract （398）      PDF （1148KB）（897）       Knowledge map    WeChat is the largest and youngest mobile social networking app in China. Due to its massive number of users, high user stickiness, and low marketing costs, many companies have used WeChat as a new communication tool to push branded posts to their subscribers. Compared to other social media sites such as Facebook, WeChat is relatively new and has unique features. Thus, there are too few theories that guide companies to implement effective WeChat communication strategies. Based on 334 WeChat posts from 8 wellknown brands across 4 industries, this study investigates possible drivers of WeChat post popularity (measured by the number of reads/likes). Our results show that how a post is positioned, how long it is posted, and how informative it is affect both the number of reads and the number of likes. The presence of promotional information in the post title only affects the number of reads. We also find a marginal significant negative effect of the (warm) color of the cover picture on the number of reads. However, vividness and entertainment do not have a significant effect on WeChat post popularity. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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From Theory to Practice: Further Exploration of Renli Gu Jifa, Zhao Minghui, Zhang Lingling Management Review    2021, 33 (5): 57-63.   Abstract （393）      PDF （1267KB）（521）       Knowledge map    Since the advent of the Wuli-Shili-Renli system methodology in 1995, it has received unanimous attention and recognition and has become the typical oriental system methodology. Among them, Wuli and Shili have been fully demonstrated and supported by natural science and management science, while the most difficult Renli needs further exploration from theory to practice. On the basis of previous researches and recent thinking, from the perspective of systems engineering research, this paper puts forward six key elements in theory and summarizes 14 useful softwares in practice of Renli, thus pushing Renli research from qualitative description to quantitative expression and calculation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance Selling Strategies for Retailers Taking into Account the Time-value of Money Yan Zhanghua, Liu Lei    2018, 30 (5): 262-272.   Abstract （241）      PDF （3127KB）（477）       Knowledge map    Advance selling occurs when sellers allow buyers to purchase at a time preceding consumption. Existing researches on advance selling mainly focus on pricing strategies while the quantification of lead-time is seldom discussed. Considering price and lead-time in ad-vance selling as variables, we establish an optimization model under the framework of Stackelberg game. By comparing results from the model with realistic cases, we find that the optimum advance selling strategies should consist of two categories:super low price with ul-tra-long lead-time and reasonable price discount with short lead-time. Further analysis on the two strategies identifies the conditions under which the profit is maximized. Finally, we use numeric examples to illustrate the relationship between the two typical strategies and to verify the conclusions drawn in this paper. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Better Late than Never: The Impact of Negative Records on Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance Analysis Li Zhengren, Wang Yanyu, Shi Wenhua Management Review    2020, 32 (9): 239-250.   Abstract （560）      PDF （1174KB）（869）       Knowledge map    Could an enterprise which suffers negative records compensate for its bad behavior by fulfilling its social responsibility? Based on the existing researches on social responsibility motivation and impression management theory, this paper proposes the compensation mechanism of social responsibility, and suggests that social responsibility can effectively compensate for the negative impact of negative records on enterprises. Employing the panel data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2019, the hypothesis is tested. The results show that enterprises with negative records tend to better fulfill their social responsibilities, and this relationship is positively moderated by the firm age and negatively moderated by the proportion of state-owned shares in enterprises. Furthermore, this paper verifies that enterprises with negative records have significantly better performance by more positively fulfilling their social responsibility as a compensation means. The conclusion of this paper theoretically deepens the theory of social responsibility motivation. In practice, it provides theoretical reference for enterprises to devote themselves to their social responsibility. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Healthcare Effort Decision on Online-Offline Service Allocation Wu Xiaodan, Yang Yue, Zhang Xiaoya, Yu Tianzhi Management Review    2024, 36 (3): 210-224.   Abstract （244）      PDF （1586KB）（232）       Knowledge map    In the post epidemic era, online-offline integration has become an effective method to ensure the continuity of healthcare services and improve the service quality. In this study, we develop a game-theoretical model between a Healthcare Provider (HCP) and a government under Fee-for-Service (FFS), Prospective Payment System (PPS), Bundled Payment (BP) and Pay-for-Performance (P4P). We consider the behavior of the HCP in transferring patients from offline to online at a later stage and discuss reimbursement schemes that incentivize the HCP to rationally allocate online and offline healthcare resources. The results show that FFS does not inspire the HCP to make efforts in online treatment. PPS and BP can improve online treatment efforts, but they cannot coordinate to the social optimum, and the increase of payment amount does not improve online treatment efforts. Under the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP) based on the P4P, increasing the punishment is not always the best choice, nor can it always coordinate to the social optimum. We also find that the hybrid payment, canceling the upper limit of HRRP fine and setting reward rules, can make up for the shortcomings of HRRP and effectively coordinate to social optimum. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics