人地共生视角下国家公园社区可持续性的概念与评价体系框架研究——基于扎根理论和热点分析方法

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 我国国家公园是人与自然和谐共生的复合生态系统，国家公园社区的可持续发展是国家公园提升现代化治理水平和实现高质量发展的基础，但如何科学认识并有效测度国家公园社区可持续性的问题仍未解决。本研究融合了质性研究中的扎根理论方法和热点分析方法，从内涵剖析和评价体系构建两个方面展开，通过理论推导和演绎，系统梳理了国内外241篇文献资料，识别了该领域学者普遍关注的19个重要范畴和热点问题，尝试性提出了“国家公园社区可持续性”的概念，构建了中国国家公园社区可持续性评价指标体系框架，包括生态环境与资源可持续性、生计资本可持续性、文化可持续性和社区治理有效性4个一级指标，以及12个二级指标和20个三级指标。本研究从人地共生的视角展开，兼顾了概念推演和指标选取的客观性、综合性以及我国国家公园管理目标下的针对性，最终提出的管理工具可以为国家公园管理机构高效引导社区转型、平衡保护与发展关系提供技术支撑。

关键词: 国家公园, 扎根理论, 热点分析, 社区可持续性, 指标体系

Abstract: China’s national parks are a complex ecosystem in which man and nature coexist harmoniously. The sustainable development of national park communities is the basis for national parks to improve the effectiveness of modernization and achieve high-quality development. However, how to scientifically understand and effectively measure the “sustainability of national park communities” remains unsolved. This study combines the grounded theory method and hot-spot analysis method in qualitative research, and starts from two aspects: connotation analysis and index system construction. Through theoretical deduction, it systematically sorts out 241 domestic and foreign documents, identifies 19 important categories and hot issues that scholars in this field are generally concerned about, tentatively puts forward the concept of “national park community sustainability” and constructs the evaluation index system of China national park community sustainability. It includes 4 first-level indicators, including resource and environment sustainability, cultural sustainability, livelihood capital sustainability and community governance effectiveness, as well as 12 second-level indicators and 20 third-level indicators. This study is based on the perspective of equality and systematic coupling between man and nature, taking into account the objectivity, comprehensiveness and pertinence of concept deduction and index selection under the management objectives of national parks in China. The management tools finally put forward can provide technical support for national park management institutions to effectively guide community transformation and balance the relationship between protection and development from the perspective of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Key words: national park, grounded theory, hot spot analysis, community sustainability, index system

李新婷, 周智杰, 黄宝荣, 靳彤, 魏钰. 人地共生视角下国家公园社区可持续性的概念与评价体系框架研究——基于扎根理论和热点分析方法[J]. 管理评论, 2025, 37(4): 253-264.

Li Xinting, Zhou Zhijie, Huang Baorong, Jin Tong, Wei Yu. Research on Evaluation Index System of Community Sustainability of National Parks Based on Grounded Theory and Hot Spot Analysis[J]. Management Review, 2025, 37(4): 253-264.

参考文献

[1] 马世骏, 王如松. 社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J]. 生态学报, 1984, 4(1):3-11 Ma S. J., Wang R. S. The Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1984, 4(1)3-11
[2] 朱冬芳, 钟林生, 虞虎. 国家公园社区发展研究进展与启示[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(9):1903-1917 Zhu D. F., Zhong L. S., Yu H. Research Progress of Community Development of National Parks and Implications[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(9):1903-1917
[3] Munanura I. E., Backman K. F., Hallo J. C., et al. Perceptions of Tourism Revenue Sharing Impacts on Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: A Sustainable Livelihoods Framework[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2016, 24(12):1709-1726
[4] 张引, 庄优波, 杨锐. 法国国家公园管理和规划评述[J]. 中国园林, 2018, 34(7):36-41 Zhang Y., Zhuang Y. B., Yang R. Review on the Management and Planning of National Park System in France[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2018, 34(7):36-41
[5] 赵凌冰. 基于公众参与的日本国家公园管理体制研究[J]. 现代日本经济, 2019, 38(3):84-94 Zhao L. B. A Study on Japan’s National Parks Management System on the Basis of Public Participation[J]. Contemporary Economy of Japan, 2019, 38(3):84-94
[6] 李新婷, 魏钰, 张丛林, 等. 国家公园如何平衡生态保护与社区发展:国际经验与中国探索[J]. 国家公园(中英文), 2023, 1(1):44-52 Li X. T., Wei Y., Zhang C. L., et al. How to Balance Ecological Protection and Community Development in National Parks: International Experiences and China’s Exploration[J]. National Park, 2023, 1(1):44-52
[7] Chen S. G., Sun X. X., Su S. P. A Study of the Mechanism of Community Participation in Resilient Governance of National Parks: With Wuyishan National Park as a Case[J]. Sustainability, 2021, 13(18):10090
[8] Qun L., Zhao P. Y., Fang W. Conservation Policy-Community Conflicts: A Case Study from Bogda Nature Reserve, China[J]. Sustainability, 2017, 9(8):1291
[9] 王如松, 欧阳志云. 社会-经济-自然复合生态系统与可持续发展[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2012, 27(3):337-345 Wang R. S., Ouyang Z. Y. Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem and Sustainability[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012, 27(3):337-345
[10] 何思源, 魏钰, 苏杨, 等. 保障国家公园体制试点区社区居民利益分享的公平与可持续性——基于社会-生态系统意义认知的研究[J]. 生态学报, 2020, 40(7):2450-2462 He S. Y., Wei Y., Su Y., et al. Guaranteeing Fair and Sustainable Benefit Sharing for Communities in the National Park: A Study from Perception of Meanings of Social-Ecological Systems[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(7):2450-2462
[11] Li L., Fassnacht F. E., Storch I., et al. Land-use Regime Shift Triggered the Recent Degradation of Alpine Pastures in Nyanpo Yutse of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2017, 32(11):2187-2203
[12] 国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 国家公园总体规划技术规范:GB/T 39736—2020[S]. 北京: 中国质量标准出版传媒有限公司, 中国标准出版社, 2020 State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Administration. Technical Specification for the National Park Master Plan: GB/T 39736—2020[S]. Beijing: China Zhijian Publishing House, Standards Press of China, 2020
[13] 李正欢, 蔡依良, 段佳会. 利益冲突、制度安排与管理成效:基于QCA的国外国家公园社区管理研究[J]. 旅游科学, 2019, 33(6):46-61 Li Z. H., Cai Y. L., Duan J. H. On the Relationship among Interest Conflict, Institutional Arrangement and Management Effectiveness:An QCA Analysis on the Community Management of Foreign National Parks[J]. Tourism Science, 2019, 33(6):46-61
[14] 吴承照, 汪长林. 国家公园入口社区性质、发展特征与政策需求[J]. 中国园林, 2022, 38(4):14-19 Wu C. Z., Wang C. L. The Nature, Development Characters and Policy Needs of National Park Gateway Communities in China[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2022, 38(4):14-19
[15] Buckley R., Brough P., Hague L., et al. Economic Value of Protected Areas Via Visitor Mental Health[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1):5005
[16] Okafor-Yarwood I., Kadagi N. I., Miranda N. A. F., et al. The Blue Economy-Cultural Livelihood-Ecosystem Conservation Triangle: The African Experience[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020, 7:586
[17] 沈兴菊, 刘韫. 国家公园门户社区旅游发展与民族地区乡村振兴——美国的经验教训对我国的启示[J]. 民族学刊, 2021, 12(12):23-29 Shen X. J., Liu Y. Gateway Community Tourism Development of National Parks and Rural Revitalization: Insights from American Experiences and Lessons for China[J]. Journal of Ethnology, 2021, 12(12):23-29
[18] 贺艳华, 邬建国, 周国华, 等. 论乡村可持续性与乡村可持续性科学[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(4):736-752 He Y. H., Wu J. G., Zhou G. H., et al. Discussion on Rural Sustainability and Rural Sustainability Science[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(4):736-752
[19] 苏芳, 徐中民, 尚海洋. 可持续生计分析研究综述[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(1):61-69 Su F., Xu Z. M., Shang H. Y. An Overview of Sustainable Livelihoods Approach[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(1):61-69
[20] 陈向明. 扎根理论的思路和方法[J]. 教育研究与实验, 1999, (4):58-63 Chen X. M. Grounded Theory: Its Train of Thought and Methods[J]. Educational Research and Experiment, 1999, (4):58-63
[21] 石冠峰, 文梅, 方志斌, 等. 基于扎根理论的中国员工错失焦虑研究:内涵、结构及形成机制[J]. 管理评论, 2022, 34(5):176-187 Shi G. F., Wen M., Fang Z. B., et al. Research on Chinese Employees’ Fear of Missing out Based on Grounded Theory: Connotation, Structure and Formation Mechanism[J]. Management Review, 2022, 34(5):176-187
[22] 刘小丽, 张守攻, 徐斌. 基于森林可持续经营标准的我国东北地区森林监测指标分析[J]. 世界林业研究， 2013, 26(3):92-96 Liu X. L., Zhang S. G., Xu B. An Analysis of Integrated Forest Monitoring Indicators in Northeast China Built on Forest Sustainable Management Standards[J]. World Forestry Research, 2013, 26(3):92-96
[23] 郭鹏飞, 周英男. 基于扎根理论的中国城市绿色转型政策评价指标提取及建构研究[J]. 管理评论, 2018, 30(8):256-266 Guo P. F., Zhou Y. N. A Grounded-theory-based Study on the Evaluation Index Extraction and Construction of China’s City Green Transition Policy[J]. Management Review, 2018, 30(8):256-266
[24] 张樨樨, 郑珊, 余粮红. 中国海洋碳汇渔业绿色效率测度及其空间溢出效应[J]. 中国农村经济, 2020, (10):91-110 Zhang X. X., Zheng S., Yu L. H. Green Efficiency Measurement and Spatial Spillover Effect of China’s Marine Carbon Sequestration Fishery[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2020, (10):90-110
[25] 何思源, 魏钰, 苏杨, 等. 基于扎根理论的社区参与国家公园建设与管理的机制研究[J]. 生态学报，2021, 41(8):3021-3032 He S. Y., Wei Y., Su Y., et al. A Grounded Theory Approach to Understanding the Mechanism of Community Participation in National Park Establishment and Management[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2021, 41(8):3021-3032
[26] 马贵梅, 马红, 张旭, 等. 基于扎根理论的员工建言质量研究:内容结构、测量与作用机制[J]. 管理评论, 2022, 34(12):227-240 Ma G. M., Ma H., Zhang X., et al. Research on Voice Quality Based on Grounded Theory: Content Structure, Measurement and Its Mechanism[J]. Management Review, 2022, 34(12):227-240
[27] 侯剑华, 胡志刚. CiteSpace软件应用研究的回顾与展望[J]. 现代情报, 2013, 33(4):99-103 Hou J. H., Hu Z. G. Review on the Application of CiteSpace at Home and Abroad[J]. Journal of Modern Information, 2013, 33(4):99-103
[28] Williams M. O., Whitmarsh L., Haddock G., et al. A Grounded Theory of Pro-nature Behaviour: From Moral Concern to Sustained Action[J]. Sustainability, 2021, 13(16):8944
[29] Pacheco L., Fraixedas S., Fernández-Llamzares Á., et al. Perspectives on Sustainable Resource Conservation in Community Nature Reserves: A Case Study from Senegal[J]. Sustainability, 2012, 4(11):3158-3179
[30] Aymoz B. G. P., Randrianjafy V. R., Randrianjafy Z. J. N., et al. Community Management of Natural Resources: A Case Study from Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar[J]. Ambio, 2013, 42(6):767-775