调节焦点对创业决策的影响研究——基于认知视角

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 调节焦点理论作为分析个体决策及行为的有效工具，在创业研究中的应用仍十分不足。本研究从认知视角入手，通过我国5省市千份有效样本检验了研究提出的调节焦点对创业决策影响的多中介模型，揭示了两类自我调节方式对创业决策差异化的作用及具体机制。结果表明促进型调节焦点会正向作用于个体创业决策，预防型调节焦点则呈现消极影响；个体对创业制度环境、风险和机会的感知完全中介了促进型调节焦点对创业决策的作用，而预防型调节焦点将直接影响个体决策。本研究深化了调节焦点理论，拓展了该理论在创业领域的应用，尤其针对创业决策阶段。同时，本研究立足我国创业实践，结论有助于本土创业者提升决策理性和认知能力，也为政策制定者科学设计与推进“双创”建设提供了理论依据。

关键词: 调节焦点, 创业认知, 创业制度环境感知, 风险感知, 机会感知

Abstract: Though regulatory focus theory is an effective tool to analyze individuals’ decision making, the application of this theory has been limited in entrepreneurial research. From the cognitive perspective, this study reveals the specific influence of regulatory focus on entrepreneurial decision-making by a thousand valid samples. The results show that the promotion focus positively affects one’s entrepreneurial decision, while the prevention focus has a negative effect. The individuals’ perception of the institutional environment, risk and opportunity play intermediary roles in the effect of promotion focus on the entrepreneurial decision-making. The research deepens the regulatory focus theory and expands its application in entrepreneurship research. At the same time, the conclusion is helpful for entrepreneurs’ rational cognition, and more importantly, provides theoretical basis for the scientific design and promotion of "double innovation" for our government.

Key words: regulatory focus, entrepreneurial cognition, entrepreneurial institutional environment perception, risk perception, opportunity perception

谷晨, 张玉利, 崔连广, 邓舒婷. 调节焦点对创业决策的影响研究——基于认知视角[J]. 管理评论, 2021, 33(6): 122-133.

Gu Chen, Zhang Yuli, Cui Lianguang, Deng Shuting. Research on the Influence of Regulatory Focus on Entrepreneurial Decision-making——Based on Cognitive Perspective[J]. Management Review, 2021, 33(6): 122-133.

参考文献

[1] Shane S. Introduction to the Focused Issue on Entrepreneurship[J]. Management Science, 2006,52(2):155-159
[2] 张广琦,陈忠卫,李宏贵. 什么样的创业团队才有助于降低离职倾向?——基于人际信任的视角[J]. 管理评论, 2016,28(12):127-144
[3] 李静,谢靖屿,林嵩. 榜样会触发个体创业吗?基于农民样本的创业事件研究[J]. 管理评论, 2017,29(3):27-39
[4] Cardon M. S., Wincent J., Singh J., et al. The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2009,34(3):511-532
[5] O'Shea D., Buckley F., Halbesleben J. R. B. Self-Regulation in Entrepreneurs:Integrating Action, Cognition, Motivation and Emotions[J]. Organizational Psychology Review, 2017,7(1):250-278
[6] Kark R., Dijk D. V., Vashdi D. R. Motivated or Demotivated to Be Creative:The Role of Self-Regulatory Focus in Transformational and Transactional Leadership Processes[J]. Applied Psychology, 2018,67(1):186-224
[7] Johnson P. D., Smith M. B., Wallace J. C., et al. A Review of Multilevel Regulatory Focus in Organizations[J]. Journal of Management, 2015,41(5):1501-1529
[8] Baron R. A. The Cognitive Perspective:A Valuable Tool for Answering Entrepreneurship's Basic "Why" Questions[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19(2):221-239
[9] Friedman R. S., F rster J. The Effects of Promotion and Prevention Cues on Creativity[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001,81(6):1001-1013
[10] Liberman N., Idson L. C., Camacho C. J., et al. Promotion and Prevention Choices between Stability and Change[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999,77(6):1135-1145
[11] Fitzsimmons J. R., Douglas E. J. Interaction between Feasibility and Desirability in the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2011,26(4):431-440
[12] McMullen J. S., Zahra S. A. Regulatory Focus and Executives' Intentions to Commit Their Firms to Entrepreneurial Action[J]. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 2006,26(23):218
[13] Vohs K. D., Baumeister R. F. Handbook of Self-Regulation (2nd ed.)[M]. New York:Guildord, 2011
[14] Forgas J. P., Baumeister R. H., Tice D. M. Psychology of Self-Regulation:Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Processes[M]. New York:Psychology Press, 2009
[15] Higgins E. T., Cornwell J. F. M. Securing Foundations and Advancing Frontiers:Prevention and Promotion Effects on Judgment & Decision Making[J]. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 2016,136:56-67
[16] Sassenberg K., Sassenrath C., Fetterman A. K. Threat ≠ Prevention, Challenge ≠ Promotion:The Impact of Threat, Challenge and Regulatory Focus on Attention to Negative Stimuli[J]. Cognition and Emotion, 2015,29(1):188-195
[17] Krueger N. F., Brazeal D. V. Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 1994,(18):91-104
[18] Mitchell R. K., Busenitz L. W., Bird B., et al. The Central Question in Entrepreneurial Cognition Research[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2007,31(1):1-27
[19] Williams S., Zainuba M., Jackson R. Determinants of Managerial Risk Perceptions and Intentions[J]. Journal of Management Research, 2008,8(2):59-75
[20] Corbett A. C. Learning Asymmetry and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2007,22(1):97-118
[21] Nambisan S., Baron R. A. Entrepreneurship in Innovation Ecosystems:Entrepreneurs' Self-Regulatory Processes and Their Implications for New Venture Success[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2013,37(5):1071-1097
[22] Simon M., Houghton S. M., Aquino K. Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Venture Formation:How Individuals Decide to Start Companies[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2000,15(2):113-134
[23] Higgins E. T. Beyond Pleasure and Pain[J]. American Psychologist, 1997,52(12):1280-1300
[24] 段锦云,孙建群,简丹丹,等. 创业特征框架对创业意向的影响——创业认知的视角[J]. 南开管理评论, 2016,19(5):182-192
[25] Tumasjan A., Braun R. In the Eye of the Beholder:How Regulatory Focus and Self-Efficacy Interact in Influencing Opportunity Recognition[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2012,27(6):622-636
[26] Hu L., Gu J., Wu J., et al. Regulatory Focus, Environmental Turbulence, and Entrepreneur Improvisation[J]. International Entrepreneurship & Management Journal, 2018,14(3):1-20
[27] Brockner J., Higgins E. T., Low M. B. Regulatory Focus Theory and the Entrepreneurial Process[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19(2):203-220
[28] Mitchell R. K., Busenitz L., Lant T., et al. Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition:Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2010,27(2):93-104
[29] 梁祺,张纯. 社会网络影响个体创业意图的传导机制研究[J]. 管理评论, 2017,29(4):59-67
[30] Keh H. T., Foo M. D., Lim B. C. Opportunity Evaluation under Risky Conditions:The Cognitive Processes of Entrepreneurs[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2002,27(2):125-148
[31] Colwell K., Narayanan V. K. Foresight in Economic Development Policy:Shaping the Institutional Context for Entrepreneurial Innovation[J]. Futures, 2010,42(4):295-303
[32] 苗青. 规则聚焦对创业决策的影响机制[J]. 应用心理学, 2006,12(3):232-238
[33] F rster J., Friedman R. S., Liberman N. Temporal Construal Effects on Abstract and Concrete Thinking:Consequences for Insight and Creative Cognition[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004,87(2):177-189
[34] Tsai K. H., Chang H. C., Peng C. Y. Extending the Link Between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Intention:A Moderated Mediation Model[J]. International Entrepreneurship & Management Journal, 2016,12(2):445-463
[35] Mcmullen J. S., Shepherd D. A. Entrepreneurial Action and the Role of Uncertainty in the Theory of the Entrepreneur[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2006,31(1):132-152
[36] Jaskiewicz P., Luchak A. A., Oh I., et al. Paid Employee or Entrepreneur? How Approach and Avoidance Career Goal Orientations Motivate Individual Career Choice Decisions[J]. Journal of Career Development, 2016,43(4):349-367
[37] Ardichvili A., Cardozo R., Ray S. A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003,18(1):105-123
[38] Shane S., Venkataraman S. The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2000,25(1):217-226
[39] Higgins E. T., Friedman R. S., Harlow R. E., et al. Achievement Orientations From Subjective Histories of Success:Promotion Pride versus Prevention Pride[J]. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2001,31(1):3-23
[40] Sitkin S. B., Pablo A. L. Reconceptualizing the Determinants of Risk Behavior[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1992,17(1):9-38
[41] F rster J., Higgins E. T. How Global versus Local Perception Fits Regulatory Focus[J]. Psychological Science, 2010,16(8):631-636
[42] North D. C. A Transaction Cost Theory of Politics[J]. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1990,2(4):355-367
[43] Kostova T. Country Institutional Profiles:Concept and Measurement[J]. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1997,1997(1):180-184
[44] Scott W. R. Institutions and Organizations[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage, 1995
[45] Busenitz L. W., Gómez C., Spencer J. W. Country Institutional Profiles:Unlocking Entrepreneurial Phenomena[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2000,43(5):994-1003
[46] Manolova T. S., Eunni R. V., Gyoshev B. S. Institutional Environments for Entrepreneurship:Evidence from Emerging Economies in Eastern Europe[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2008,32(1):203-218
[47] Grant H., Higgins E. T. Optimism, Promotion Pride, and Prevention Pride as Predictors of Quality of Life[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2003,29(29):1521-1532
[48] Suddaby R., Bruton G. D., Si S. X. Entrepreneurship through a Qualitative Lens:Insights on the Construction and/or Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunity[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2015,30(1):1-10
[49] Welter F. Contextualizing Entrepreneurship——Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2011,35(1):165-184
[50] H risch J., Kollat J., Brieger S. A. What Influences Environmental Entrepreneurship? A Multilevel Analysis of the Determinants of Entrepreneurs' Environmental Orientation[J]. Small Business Economics, 2017,48(1):1-23
[51] Gielnik M. M., Frese M., Kaharakawuki A., et al. Action and Action-Regulation in Entrepreneurship:Evaluating a Student Training for Promoting Entrepreneurship[J]. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2014,14(1):1-59
[52] GEM. 全球创业观察2016/2017报告[EB/OL]. http://news.hexun.com/2017-04-06/188744111.html, 2016
[53] 刘小元,林嵩,李汉军. 创业导向、家族涉入与新创家族企业成长[J]. 管理评论, 2017,29(10):42-57
[54] 陈震红. 创业者创业决策的风险行为研究[D]. 武汉理工大学博士学位论文, 2004
[55] 林嵩,谢靖屿,封波. 创业制度环境的概念适用性及比较研究[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2014,(20):81-87
[56] 林嵩,刘青,李培馨. 拆迁事件会提升农民的创业倾向吗?基于289个样本的实证研究[J]. 管理评论, 2016,28(12):63-74
[57] Davidsson P., Honig B. The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003,18(3):301-331
[58] Zhao X., Lynch J. G., Chen Q. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny:Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2010,37(2):197-206
[59] 陈瑞,郑毓煌,刘文静. 中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J]. 营销科学学报, 2013,(4):120-135