Power Distance: A Literature Review and Prospect

Abstract

Abstract:

Power distance defined as the extent to which a society accepts the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. With the deepening of economic globalization and the rapid development of China's market economy, related researches have gradually increased in the theoretical academic circles, but many questions, shortages and arguments still exist and need to be discussed. Based on a literature research, this paper systematically sorts out and integrates the research findings of power distance with regard to origins and concepts, structure and measurement, influencing factors and outcome variables.Furthermore, it explores the mediators/moderators and theoretical basis of existing researches, and points out future directions in power distance.

Key words: power, power distance, power distance orientation, the congruence in power distance

Bao Yan, Liao Jianqiao. Power Distance: A Literature Review and Prospect[J]. , 2019, 31(3): 178-192.

References

[1] Daniels M. A., Greguras G. J. Exploring the Nature of Power Distance Implications for Micro-and Macro-level Theories, Processes, and Outcome[J]. Journal of Management, 2014,40(5):1-28
[2] Hofstede G. H., Hofstede G. Culture's Consequences:Comparing Value, Behaviors, Institution, and Organizations Across Nation[M]. London:Sage, 2001
[3] Weber M. From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 1958
[4] Mulder M. Reduction of Power Differences in Practice:The Power Distance Reduction Theory and Its Application. In Hofstede G, Kassem M. S. (Eds), European Contribution to Organization Theory[M]. Assen, Netherlands:Van Gorcum, 1976
[5] 黄应贵. 空间/力与社会[J]. 广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版), 2002,24(2):9-21
[6] Cole M. S., Carter M. Z., Zhang Z. Leader-team Congruence in Power Distance Values and Team Effectiveness:The Mediating Role of Procedural Justice Climate[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2013,98(6):962-973
[7] Kirkman B. L., Chen G., Farh J. L., et al. Individual Power Distance Orientation and Follower Reactions to Transformational Leaders:A Cross-Level. Cross-Cultural Examination[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2009,52(4):744-764
[8] Clugston M., Howell J. P., Dorfman P. W. Does Cultural Socializations Predict Multiple Bases and Foci of Commitment?[J]. Journal of Management, 2000,26(1):5-30
[9] Chatterjee D. Management Control Systems and Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions:An Empirical Study of Innovators and Low Innovators[J]. Global Business Review, 2014,15(3):565-582
[10] Rao A. N. Understanding the Role of Power Distance in Global Outsourcing Relationship[J]. International Management Review, 2013,9(1):5-18
[11] 段锦云,黄彩云. 个人权力感对进谏行为的影响机制:权力认知的视角[J]. 心理学报, 2013,45(2):217-230
[12] Lian H., Ferris D. L., Brown D. J. Does Power Distance Exacerbate or Mitigate the Effects of Abusive Supervision? It Depends on the Outcome[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2012,97(1):107-123
[13] Leung K., Bhagat R., Buchan N., et al. Culture and International Business:Recent Advances and Their Implications for Future Research[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2005,36(4):357-378
[14] Rao A. N., Pearce J. L. Should Management Practice Adapt to Cultural values? The Evidence Against Power Distance Adaptation[J]. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 2016,23(2):257-286
[15] McSweeney B. Hofstede's Identification of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences:A Triumph of Faith-A Failure of Analysis[J]. Human Relations, 2002,55(1):89-118
[16] Rau P. L. P., Liu J., Juzek C., et al. Fostering Job Satisfaction and Motivation through Power Distance:A Study of German Expatriates' Leadership in China[J]. Global Business and Management Research, 2013,5(4):161-170
[17] Hu J., Judge T. A. Leader-team Complementarity:Exploring the Interactive Effects of Leader Personality Traits and Team Power Distance Values on Team Processes and Performance[J]. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 2017,102(6):935-955
[18] Dorfman P. W., Howell J. P. Dimensions of National Culture and Effective Leadership Patterns:Hofstede Revisited[J]. Advances in International Comparative Management, 1988,10(3):127-150
[19] Erez M., Earley P. C. Comparative Analysis of Goal Setting Strategies Across Cultures[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987,4(72):658-665
[20] Summereder S., Batinic B., Streicher B. Voice or Consistency? What You Perceive as Procedurally Fair Depends on Your Level of Power Distance[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2014,45(2):192-212
[21] 费孝通. 乡土中国[M]. 北京:人民出版社, 2008
[22] Schwartz S. H., Bardi A. Value Hierarchies Across Cultures Taking a Similarities Perspective[J]. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 2001,32(3):268-290
[23] 廖建桥,赵君,张永军. 权力距离对中国领导行为的影响研究[J]. 管理学报, 2010,7(7):988-992
[24] 郑伯壎. 差序格局与华人组织行为[J]. 本土心理学研究, 1995,(3):142-219
[25] Ghosh A. Power Distance in Organizational Contexts-A Review of Collectivist Cultures[J]. The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations,2011,47(1):89-101
[26] 杨国枢. 中国人的社会取向:社会互动的观点[M]. 台北:桂冠图书股份有限公司, 1992
[27] 林欣宜. 论中华伦理中之权力关系与距离[J]. 南台人文社会学报, 2015,(14):141-166
[28] 吴鼎. 伦理与教育[M]. 台北:远流出版事业股份有限公司, 1986
[29] 翟学伟. 人情,面子与权力的再生产[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2013
[30] Trompenaars F., Hampden-Turner C. Riding the Waves of Culture:Understanding Diversity in Global Business[M]. London:Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2011
[31] Roberge M. É., Van Dick R. Recognizing the Benefits of Diversity:When and How Does Diversity Increase Group Performance?[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2010,20(4):295-308
[32] Wish M. Comparisons among Multidimensional Structures of Interpersonal Relations[J]. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1976,11(3):297-324
[33] 蔡松纯,郑伯壎,周麗芳,等. 领导者上下级关系认定与部署利社会行为:权力距离之调节效果[J]. 中华心理学刊, 2009,51(1):121-138
[34] 黄光国,胡先缙. 人情与面子——中国人的权力游戏[J]. 党政干部参考, 2005,(4):38-39
[35] Harbison F. H., Myers C. A. Education, Manpower, and Economic Growth:Strategies of Human Resource Development[M]. New York:Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 1964
[36] Robertson S. A., Datu J. A. D., Brawley A. M., et al. The Dark Triad and Social Behavior:The Influence of Self-construal and Power distance[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2016,98:69-74
[37] Schwartz S. H. Universals in the Content and Structure of Values:Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries[J]. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1992,25(2):1-65
[38] Bochner S., Hesketh B. Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, and Job-Related Attitudes in a Culturally Diverse Work Group[J]. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 1994,25(2):233-257
[39] Brockner J., Ackerman G., Greenberg J., et al. Culture and Procedural Justice:The Influence of Power Distance on Reactions to Voice[J]. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2001,37(4):300-315
[40] Sharma B. Hofstede's Measures of National Culture and Social Progress[J]. Psychological Reports, 2003,92(2):1199-1202
[41] López J. A. P., Santos J. M. S. Does Corruption Have Social Roots? The Role of Culture and Social Capital[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2014,122(4):697-708
[42] Bjørge A. K. Power Distance in English Lingua Franca Email Communication[J]. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2007,17(1):60-80
[43] Winterich K. P., Zhang Y. Accepting Inequality Deters Responsibility:How Power Distance Decreases Charitable Behavior[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2014,41(2):274-293
[44] Peretz H., Rosenblatt Z. The Role of Societal Cultural Practices in Organizational Investment in Training:A Comparative Study in 21 Countries[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2011,42(5):1-15
[45] Peretz H., Fried Y. A Cross Culture Examination of Performance Appraisal and Organizational Performance[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2012,97(2):448-459
[46] Leung K., Su S., Morris M. W. When Is Criticism Not Constructive? The Roles of Fairness Perceptions and Dispositional Attributions in Employee Acceptance of Critical Supervisory Feedback[J]. Human Relations, 2001,54(9):1155-1187
[47] Raghuram S., London M., Larsen H. H. Flexible Employment Practices in Europe:Country versus Vulture[J]. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2001,12(5):738-753
[48] Farh J. L., Hackett R. D., Liang J. Individual-level Cultural Values as Moderators of Perceived Organizational Support-Employee Outcome Relationships in China:Comparing the Effects of Power Distance and Traditionality[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007,59(3):715-729
[49] Khatri N. Consequences of Power Distance Oritentation in Organizations[J]. The Journal of Business Perspective, 2009,13(1):1-9
[50] Zhang Y., Begley T. M. Power Distance and Its Moderating Impact on Empowerment and Team Participation[J]. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2011,22(17):3601-3617
[51] 童惠玲,郭美吟,李德治. 组织支持与员工工作结果之关系——权力距离与公平敏感度之调节效果[J]. 组织与管理, 2012,5(1):1-42
[52] Nakata C., Sivakumar K. National Culture and New Product Development:An Integrative Review[J]. The Journal of Marketing, 1996,60(1):61-72
[53] Robert C., Probst T. M., Martocchio J. J., et al. Empowerment and Continuous Improvement in the United States, Mexico, Poland, and India:Predicting Fit on the Basis of the Dimensions of Power Distance and Individualism[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2000,85(5):643-658
[54] Paine J. B., Organ D. W. The Cultural Matrix of Organizational Citizenship Behavior:Some Preliminary Conceptual and Empirical Observations[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2000,10(1):45-59
[55] Yang C. C. The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on the Implementation of Total Quality Management:An Empirical Study on High-tech Firms[J]. The TQM Magazine, 2006,18(2):162-173
[56] Taylor E. Z., Curtis M. B. Whistleblowing in Audit Firms:Organizational Response and Power Distance[J]. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 2013,25(2):21-43
[57] Loh J., Restubog S. L. D., Zagenczyk T. J. Consequences of Workplace Bullying on Employee Identification and Satisfaction Among Australians and Singaporeans[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2010,41(2):236-252
[58] Willness C. R., Steel P., Lee K. A Meta-analysis of the Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Sexual[J]. Personnel Psychology, 2007,60(1):127-162
[59] 谢荷锋,彭华训. 权力距离对组织内知识分享动机、机会与效果的影响[J]. 南华大学学报(社会科学版), 2014,15(1):64-68
[60] Morrison E. W., Chen Y. R., Salgado S. R. Cultural Differences in Newcomer Feedback Seeking:A Comparison of the United States and Hong Kong[J]. A International Review, 2004,53(1):1-22
[61] Huang X., Vliert E. V., Vegt G. V. Breaking the Silence Culture:Stimulation of Participation and Employee Opinion Withholding Cross-nationally[J]. Management and Organization Review, 2005,1(3):459-482
[62] Ng K. Y., Koh C., Ang S., et al. Rating Leniency and Halo in Multisource Feedback Ratings:Testing Cultural Assumptions of Power Distance and Individualism-Collectivism[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2011,96(5):1033-1044
[63] Brew F. P., Cairns D. R. Do Culture or Situational Constraints Determine Choice of Direct or Indirect Styles in Intercultural Workplace Conflicts?[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2004,28(5):331-352
[64] Heslin P. A., Latham G. P., VandeWalle D. The Effect of Implicit Person Theory on Performance Appraisals[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005,90(5):842-856
[65] 王垒,姚翔,王海妮,等. 管理者权力距离对员工创造性观点产生与实施关系的调节作用[J]. 应用心理学, 2008,14(3):203-207
[66] Kirkman B. L., Lowe K. B., Gibson C. B. A Quarter Century of Culture's Consequences:A Review of Empirical Research Incorporating Hofstede's Cultural Values Framework[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2006,37(3):285-320
[67] House R. J., Hanges P. J., Javidan M., et al. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations:The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications, 2004
[68] Avery D. R., Quiñones M. A. Individual Differences and the Voice Effect the Moderating Role of Value of Voice[J]. Group & Organization Management, 2004,29(1):106-124
[69] Hsiung H. H., Tsai W. C. The Joint Moderating Effects of Activated Negative Moods and Group Voice Climate on the Relationship between Power Distance Orientation and Employee Voice Behavior[J]. Applied Psychology, 2017,66(3):487-514
[70] 刘生敏. 员工权力距离对其抑制性建言的影响:真实型领导的调节作用[J]. 中国人力资源开发, 2016,361(19):46-55
[71] 毛畅果. 员工为何沉默:领导权力距离倾向与员工调控焦点的跨层次交互作用[J]. 心理科学, 2016,39(6):1426-1433
[72] 周建涛,廖建桥. 权力距离导向与员工建言:组织地位感知的影响[J]. 管理科学, 2012,25(1):35-44
[73] Hui C., Lee C., Rousseau D. M. Employment Relationships in China:Do Workers Relate to the Organization or to People?[J]. Organization Science, 2004,15(2):232-240
[74] Chao J. M. C., Cheung F. Y. L., Wu A. M. S. Psychological Contract Breach and Counterproductive Workplace Behaviors:Testing Moderating Effect of Attribution Style and Power Distance[J]. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2011,22(4):763-777
[75] 樊耘,张克勤,于维娜. 传统文化观和员工沉默关系的实证研究[J]. 华东经济管理, 2015,29(2):136-142
[76] 马贵梅,樊耘,于维娜,等. 员工-组织价值观匹配影响建言行为的机制[J]. 管理评论, 2015,27(4):85-98
[77] 刘海洋,刘圣明,王辉,等. 领导与下属权力距离一致性对下属工作绩效的影响及其机制[J]. 南开管理评论, 2016,19(5):55-65
[78] Yuan F., Zhou J. Effects of Cultural Power Distance on Group Creativity and Individual Group Member Creativity[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2015,36(7):990-1007
[79] Matusitz J., Musambira G. Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Technology:Analyzing Hofstede's Dimensions and Human Development Indicators[J]. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 2013,31(1):42-60
[80] 魏昕,张志学. 组织中为什么缺乏抑制性谏言?[J]. 管理世界,2010,(10):99-121
[81] Erden N. S. Power Distance Leads to Corporate Grapevine:The Mediating Role of Perceptions of Uncertainty[J]. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2013,5(1):95-104
[82] Madlock P. E. The Influence of Power Distance and Communication on Mexican Workers[J]. Journal of Business Communication, 2012,49(2):169-184
[83] Van Der Vegt G. S., Van de Vliert E., Huang X. Location-level Links between Diversity and Innovative Climate Depend on National Power Distance[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2005,48(6):1171-1182
[84] Jiang Y., Colakoglu S., Lepak D. P., et al. Involvement Work Systems and Operational Effectiveness:Exploring the Moderating Effect of National Power Distance[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2014,46(3):332-354
[85] Hauff S., Richter N. Power Distance and Its Moderating Role in the Relationship between Situational job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction:An Empirical Analysis Using Different Cultural Measures[J]. Cross Cultural Management, 2015,22(1):68-89
[86] 陆欣欣,孙嘉卿. 领导-成员交换与情绪枯竭:互惠信念和权力距离导向的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2016,48(5):566-577
[87] Atwater L., Wang M., Smither J. W., et al. Are Cultural Characteristics Cssociated with the Relationship Between Self and Others' ratings of Leadership?[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2009,94(4):876-886
[88] Lee Y., Antonakis J. When Preference Is Not Satisfied but the Individual Is How Power Distance Moderates Person-Job Fit[J]. Journal of Management, 2014,40(3):641-675
[89] Liu S., Liao J. Transformational Leadership and Speaking Up:Power Distance and Structural Distance as Moderators[J]. Social Behavior and Personality:An International Journal, 2013,41(10):1747-1756
[90] Edwards J. R., Cable D. M. The Value of Value Congruence[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2009,94(3):654-677
[91] Erez M., Ven A. H. V. D., Lee C. Contextualizing Creativity and Innovation Across Cultures[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2015,36(7):895-898
[92] Taras V., Kirkman B. L., Steel P. Examining the Impact of Culture's Consequences:A Three-decade, Multilevel, Meta-analytic Review of Hofstede's Cultural Value Dimensions[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2010,95(3):405-439
[93] Rhee J., Dedahanov A., Lee D. Relationships among Power Distance, Collectivism, Punishment, and Acquiescent, Defensive, or Prosocial Silence[J]. Social Behavior and Personality, 2014,42(5):705-720
[94] Yang J., Mossholder K. W., Peng T. K. Procedural Justice Climate and Group Power Distance:An Examination of Cross-level Interaction Effects[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2007,92(3):681-692
[95] Ollier-Malaterre A., Foucreault A. Cross-National Work-Life Research Cultural and Structural Impacts for Individuals and Organizations[J]. Journal of Management, 2016,43(1):1-26
[96] 廖建桥,毛江华. 施事与叙事:由《人民日报》头版头条看中国政府权力行使演化趋势[J]. 管理学报, 2014,11(8):1109-1113
[97] 郑伯壎,樊景立. 初探华人社会的社会取向:台湾与大陆之比较研究[J]. 中华心理学刊, 2001,43(2):207-221
[98] Chen C. C., Meindl J. R., Hunt R. G. Testing the Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Collectivism a Study of Reward Allocation Preferences in China[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1997,28(1):44-70