不得已者而后言：基于自我调节理论的员工建言新内涵及其影响机制研究——心理契约破裂的视角

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 当前研究大多认为建言是员工关心组织的发展而提出与工作相关的意见或建议的行为。本文基于自我调节理论，认为员工也有可能因关心自身的利益而做出建言行为，从而进一步提出，建言是员工在受到不公平对待后，在负面情绪的驱动下做出的具有积极意义的适应性行为，并探讨了该建言行为的形成机制。通过一个实验和一项问卷调查，研究发现：心理契约破裂对建言有正向影响；负面情绪（不满、失望和懊悔）在心理契约破裂与建言之间起中介作用；建言效能感不仅正向调节负面情绪与建言之间的关系，而且正向调节负面情绪在心理契约破裂与建言之间的间接效应。本文深化了建言的内涵，扩充了心理契约破裂的影响研究，对促进员工建言和提高雇佣关系质量具有重要意义。

关键词: 心理契约破裂, 负面情绪, 建言效能感, 员工建言, 自我调节理论

Abstract: To date, voice is commonly defined as employees’ expressing of work-related ideas or suggestions because of caring about organization development. The present paper, from the perspective of self-regulation theory, holds that employees could express work-related ideas or advice because of caring about their own benefits and further argues that voice is employees’ positive and adaptative coping strategy motivated by negative emotions after employees receive unfair treatment. Through an experiment and a field survey, we find that psychological contract breach triggers employees’ negative emotions but positive voice behaviour. Negative emotions (dissatisfaction, disappointment and regret) work as the mediator in the relationship between psychological contract breach and voice. Moreover, employees’ voice efficacy moderates not only the effect of negative emotions on voice, but also the indirect effect of psychological contract breach on voice via negative emotions. This study broadens the connotation of voice, enriches studies on the impact of psychological contract breach and offers suggestions on improving employment relationship quality.

Key words: psychological contract breach, negative emotion, voice efficacy, employee voice, self-regulation theory

蔡文著, 余莉. 不得已者而后言：基于自我调节理论的员工建言新内涵及其影响机制研究——心理契约破裂的视角[J]. 管理评论, 2024, 36(4): 179-191.

Cai Wenzhu, Yu Li. Lingering Emotions Trigger Voice: On the New Connotation of Employee Voice and Its Formation Mechanism Based on Self-regulation Theory—From the Perspective of Psychological Contract Breach[J]. Management Review, 2024, 36(4): 179-191.

参考文献

[1] 阎亮,马贵梅. 工作满意或不满意促进建言?——代际差异与 PIED 的调节效应[J]. 管理评论, 2018,30(11):176-185 Yan L., Ma G. M. Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction Promote Voice?—Intergenerational Differences and Moderating Effect of PIED[J]. Management Review, 2018,30(11):176-185
[2] Lamberton C., Neve J. E. D., Norton M. I. The Power of Voice in Stimulating Morality: Eliciting Taxpayer Preferences Increases Tax Compliance[J]. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2018,28(2):310-328
[3] 罗瑾琏,李树文,梁阜. 领导者情绪智力一致性对员工建言影响的路径与边界[J]. 管理评论, 2022,34(3):198-208 Luo J. L., Li S. W., Liang F. The Route and Condition of Effect of Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence Congruence on Employee Voice[J]. Management Review, 2022,34(3):198-208
[4] 卢红旭,段锦云,刘艳彬. 建言行为的理论机制及未来研究展望[J]. 心理科学, 2020,43(5):1235-1242 Lu H. X., Duan J. Y., Liu Y. B. Mechanisms and Future Directions of Voice Behavior Research[J]. Journal of Psychological Science, 2020,43(5):1235-1242
[5] 陈思,李锡元,陆欣欣. 基于调节焦点作用的员工建言行为动机研究[J]. 管理学报, 2016,13(4):551-559 Chen S., Li X. Y., Lu X. X. A Study on Motivation of Voice: The Moderate Role of Regulatory Focus[J]. Chinese Journal of Management, 2016,13(4):551-559
[6] Lam C. F., Rees L., Levesque L. L., et al. Shooting from the Hip: A Habit Perspective of Voice[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2018,43(3):470-486
[7] Maynes T. D., Podsakoff P. M. Speaking More Broadly: An Examination of the Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences of an Expanded Set of Employee Voice Behaviors[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2014,99(1):87-112
[8] 刘燕,赵曙明,蒋丽. 组织中的揭发行为:决策过程及多层次的理论框架[J]. 心理科学, 2014,37(2):460-467 Liu Y., Zhao S. M., Jiang L. Whistle-blowing in Organizations: The Decision-making Process and the Multi-level Theoretical Framework[J]. Journal of Psychological Science, 2014,37(2):460-467
[9] Klaas B. S., Olson-Buchanan J. B., Ward A. K. The Determinants of Alternative Forms of Workplace Voice[J]. Journal of Management, 2011,38(1):314-345
[10] 卢红旭,周帆,吴挺,等. 工作压力对建设型和防御型建言的差异影响[J]. 心理学报, 2019,51(12):1375-1385 Lu H. X., Zhou F., Wu T., et al. The Divergent Effects of Work Stress on Constructive Voice and Defensive Voice: A Cross-level of Moderated Mediation Model[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2019,51(12):1375-1385
[11] Hagedoorn M., Yperen N. W. V., Vliert E. V. D., et al. Employees’ Reactions to Problematic Events: A Circumplex Structure of Five Categories of Responses, and the Role of Job Satisfaction[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1999,20:309-321
[12] Kraak J. M., Lakshman C., Griep Y. From Top Gun to the Daily Grind: Contextualizing Psychological Contract Breach for Military Pilots[J]. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2019,29(2):243-261
[13] Schalk R., Ruiter M. D., Loon J. V., et al. Actively Coping with Violation: Exploring Upward Dissent Patterns in Functional, Dysfunctional, and Deserted Psychological Contract End States[J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018,（9）:1-13
[14] Tomprou M., Rousseau D. M., Hansen S. D. The Psychological Contracts of Violation Victims: A Post-violation Model[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2015,36(4):561-581
[15] Turnley W. H., Feldman D. C. The Impact of Psychological Contract Violations on Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect[J]. Human Relations, 1999,52(7):895-922
[16] 段锦云,魏秋江. 建言效能感结构及其在员工建言行为发生中的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2012,44(7):972-985 Duan J. Y., Wei Q. J. The Structure of Voice Efficacy and Its Role in the Formation Mechanism of Employee Voice Behavior[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2012,44(7):972-985
[17] 段锦云,张倩. 建言行为的认知影响因素、理论基础及发生机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012,20(1):115-126 Duan J. Y., Zhang Q. The Study of Voice Behavior in the Perspective of Cognition: Cognitive Factors, Theoretical Basis and Formation Mechanism[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2012,20(1):115-126
[18] 傅强,段锦云,田晓明. 员工建言行为的情绪机制:一个新的探索视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012,20(2):274-282 Fu Q., Duan J. Y., Tian X. M. The Emotion Mechanism of Employee Voice Behavior: A New Exploratory Perspective[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2012,20(2):274-282
[19] Weiss M., Kolbe M., Grote G., et al. We can Do It! Inclusive Leader Language Promotes Voice Behavior in Multi-professional Teams[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2018,29(3):389-402
[20] Shaffakat S., Otaye-Ebede L., Reb J., et al. Mindfulness Attenuates Both Emotional and Behavioral Reactions Following Psychological Contract Breach: A Two-stage Moderated Mediation Model[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2021,107(3):425-443
[21] Baruch Y., Rousseau D. M. Integrating Psychological Contracts and Ecosystems in Career Studies and Management[J]. Academy of Management Annals, 2019,13(1):84-111
[22] Rousseau D. M., Hansen S. D., Tomprou M. A Dynamic Phase Model of Psychological Contract Processes[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2018,39(9):1081-1098
[23] Solinger O. N., Hofmans J., Bal P. M., et al. Bouncing Back from Psychological Contract Breach: How Commitment Recovers over Time[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2016,37(4):494-514
[24] Hind P., Frost M., Rowley S. The Resilience Audit and the Psychological Contract[J]. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 1996,11(7):18-29
[25] Carver C. S., Scheier M. F. On the Self-regulation of Behavior[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998
[26] Bandura A. Social Cognitive Theory of Self-regulation[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1991,50:248-287
[27] Gross J. J. The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review[J]. Review of General Psychology, 1998,2(3):271-299
[28] Smith C. A., Lazarus R. S. Emotion and Adaption[M] //Pervin L. A. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford, 1990
[29] Burgess R., Colquitt J. A., Long E. C. Longing for the Road Not Taken: The Affective and Behavioral Consequences of Forgone Identity Dwelling[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2022,65(1):93-118
[30] Kish-Gephart J. J., Detert J. R., Treviño L. K., et al. Silenced by Fear: The Nature, Sources, and Consequences of Fear at Work[J]. Research in Organizational Behavior, 2009,29:163-193
[31] Dyne L. V., LePine J. A. Helping and Voice Extra-role Behaviors: Evidence of Construct and Predictive Validity[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1998,41(1):108-119
[32] 欧阳晨慧,朱永跃,过旻钰. 双元领导与“建言悖论”:一项跨层次研究[J]. 管理评论, 2022,34(8):229-242 Ouyang C. H., Zhu Y. Y., Guo M. Y. Ambidextrous Leadership and “Voice Paradox”: A Cross-level Study[J]. Management Review, 2022,34(8):229-242
[33] 代同亮,董华,雷星晖. 源于挑战还是霸凌:职场压力对破坏性建言行为作用机制研究[J]. 管理评论, 2022,34(7):246-254 Dai T. L., Dong H., Lei X. H. Originating from Challenge or Bullying: A Study on the Mechanism of How Workplace Stress Acts on Destructive Voice Behavior[J]. Management Review, 2022,34(7):246-254
[34] 张璇,龙立荣,夏冉. 心理契约破裂与破坏性建言行为:自我损耗的视角[J]. 管理科学, 2017,30(3):3-13 Zhang X., Long L. R., Xia R. Psychological Contract Breach and Destructive Voice Behavior: An Ego Depletion Perspective[J]. Journal of Management Science, 2017,30(3):3-13
[35] Robinson S. L., Morrison E. W. The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000,21(5):525-546
[36] 钟熙,王甜,宋铁波,等. 心理契约破裂会引致员工非伦理行为吗?——基于道德推脱的中介作用和马基雅维利主义的调节作用[J]. 管理工程学报, 2020,34(6):38-45 Zhong X., Wang T., Song T. B., et al. Does Psychological Contract Breach Lead to Unethical Behavior of Employees? The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement and the Moderating Role of Machiavellianism[J]. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 2020,34(6):38-45
[37] 王炳成,赵静怡,王滋承. 消极互惠:心理契约违背对商业模式创新的影响机理研究——一个有调节的中介模型[J]. 管理工程学报, 2022,36(1):73-82 Wang B. C., Zhao J. Y., Wang Z. C. Negative Reciprocity: The Influence Mechanisms of Psychological Contract Violation on Business Model Innovation Based on a Moderated Mediation Model[J]. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 2022,36(1):73-82
[38] Emerson R. M. Social Exchange Theory[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1976,2(1):335-362
[39] Vohs K. D., Baumeister R. F., Schmeichel B. J., et al. Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-control: A Limited-resource Account of Decision Making, Self-regulation, and Active Initiative[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2008,94(5):883-898
[40] 周浩. 主管为何偏爱某些下属的建言:基于亲、忠、才与信任视角的分析[J]. 管理评论, 2021,33(9):187-197 Zhou H. Why do Supervisors Prefer the Voice Behavior of Certain Subordinates? The Effects of Guanxi, Loyalty, Competence and Trust[J]. Management Review, 2021,33(9):187-197
[41] Rousseau D. M. Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations[J]. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1989,2(2):121-139
[42] Johnson R. E., Howe M., Chang C. H. D. The Importance of Velocity, or Why Speed may Matter More than Distance[J]. Organizational Psychology Review, 2012,3(1):62-85
[43] Beal D. J., Weiss H. M., Barros E., et al. An Episodic Process Model of Affective Influences on Performance[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005,90(6):1054-1068
[44] Parzefall M. R., Coyle-Shapiro J. A. M. Making Sense of Psychological Contract Breach[J]. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2011,26(1):12-27
[45] Graham S. An Attributional Theory of Motivation[J]. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2020,61:101861
[46] Marcatto F., Ferrante D. The Regret and Disappointment Scale: An Instrument for Assessing Regret and Disappointment in Decision Making[J]. Judgment and Decision Making, 2008,3(1):87-99
[47] Rusbult C. E., Farrell D., Rogers G., et al. Impact of Exchange Variables on Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect: An Integrative Model of Responses to Declining Job Satisfaction[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1988,31(3):599-627
[48] Diener E., Iran-Nejad A. The Relationship in Experience between Various Types of Affect[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986,50(5):1031-1038
[49] 田晓明,李锐. 自我牺牲型领导能促进员工的前瞻行为吗？——责任感知的中介效应及其边界条件[J]. 心理学报, 2015,47(12):1472-1485 Tian X. M., Li R. Can Self-sacrificial Leadership Promote Employee Proactive Behavior? The Mediating Effect of Felt Obligation and Its Boundary Conditions[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2015,47(12):1472-1485
[50] Janssen O., Gao L. Supervisory Responsiveness and Employee Self-perceived Status and Voice Behavior[J]. Journal of Management, 2013,41(7):1854-1872
[51] Tekleab A. G., Takeuchi R., Taylor M. S. Extending the Chain of Relationships among Organizational Justice, Social Exchange, and Employee Reactions: The Role of Contract Violations[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2005,48(1):146-157
[52] Bankins S. A Process Perspective on Psychological Contract Change: Making Sense of, and Repairing, Psychological Contract Breach and Violation through Employee Coping Actions[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2015,36(8):1071-1095
[53] 温忠麟,黄彬彬,汤丹丹. 问卷数据建模前传[J]. 心理科学, 2018,41(1):204-210 Wen Z. L., Huang B. B., Tang D. D. Preliminary Work for Modeling Questionnaire Data[J]. Journal of Psychological Science, 2018,41(1):204-210
[54] Kuvaas N. J., Dvorak R. D., Pearson M. R., et al. Self-regulation and Alcohol Use Involvement: A Latent Class Analysis[J]. Addictive Behaviors, 2014,39(1):146-152
[55] 周浩,盛欣怡,覃春华. 有话好好说:建言者情绪、建言类型对上级采纳建言的影响及其内在机制[J]. 管理评论, 2022,34(10):170-179 Zhou H., Sheng X. Y., Qin C. H. The Impact of Voicer’s Emotion and Voice Type on Superiors’ Attitude and the Mechanism of How the Impact Works[J]. Management Review, 2022,34(10):170-179