数据要素的类别与定价：基于经济模型分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本文用经济学模型的方法探讨了数据作为生产要素在流通过程中的交易定价问题。根据来源属性的不同，本文分别探讨了以社会福利最大化为目标的公共数据交易定价和以利润最大化为目标的商业数据交易定价，并通过对比二者来探讨数据定价在当前所面临的挑战和未来发展的规律。本文的模型揭示两个重要结论：首先，社会福利最大化和利润最大化的目标在数据经济中有可能是趋同的，但这取决于供方的数据质量与需方的数据“消化”和利用能力；其次，随着数据质量的改进和提升，福利最大化和利润最大化的最优价格差异并不是单调变化的。在一定的阈值之下，二者的矛盾和差异会越来越大。上述结论的根源在于数据要素的独特性——数据本身来自全体用户，也有可能通过与其他要素的融合对全体用户带来新的价值并获得利润。上述结论有望对于当前和未来阶段的公共数据授权运营工作带来方向性启示。

关键词: 数据要素, 数据定价, 公共数据, 经济学模型

Abstract: This paper discusses the pricing of data as a factor of production in the process of circulation with a stylized economic model. This paper differentiates the public data pricing, which aims at maximizing social welfare, and the commercial data pricing, which aims at maximizing profit. The model reveals two important takeaways: first, the goals of social welfare maximization and profit maximization may converge in the data economy, which crucially depends on the data quality of the supply side and the data “digestion” and utilization ability of the demand side; secondly, with the improvement of data quality, the price gap between welfare maximization and profit maximization does not change monotonically. Under a certain threshold, the gap grows even larger. The root cause behind this result lies in the uniqueness of the data element—the data itself comes from all citizens, and it may also bring new value and profit to all citizens through integration with other elements. The above conclusions are expected to bring directional implications for the current and future phase of public data operations.

Key words: data as product factor, data pricing, public data, economic model

王今朝, 张潇扬, 窦一凡, 黄丽华. 数据要素的类别与定价：基于经济模型分析[J]. 管理评论, 2024, 36(7): 3-11.

Wang Jinzhao, Zhang Xiaoyang, Dou Yifan, Huang Lihua. Categorization and Pricing of Data as a Factor of Production: An Economic Model Approach[J]. Management Review, 2024, 36(7): 3-11.

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