A Study on How TMT Heterogeneity Affects Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analytic Examination

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the meta-analysis of 118 independent empirical papers including 341 effect sizes, 82278 independent samples, this paper shows that TMT heterogeneity can slightly promote organizational performance.TMT functional background heterogeneity is most significantly related with organizational performance. But TMT age heterogeneity is negatively related with organizational performance. Com-pared with financial performance, TMT heterogeneity is more positively correlated with innovative performance. Regional culture and data sources can both adjust the relationship between TMT heterogeneity and organizational performance. Western culture is more significant than eastern culture and first hand data is more significant than second hand data. The result of this paper can draw a periodical conclusion on the relationship between TMT heterogeneity and organizational performance. We can draw inspirations from the conclusion. The efficiency of TMT heterogeneity is limited, so we shouldn't overstate the role of TMT heterogeneity in the management practice. We should emphasize the importance of TMT heterogeneity in the innovation-oriented organizations. But we have to pay attention to that in the task-oriented organizations.

Key words: TMT heterogeneity, organizational performance, meta-analysis, moderating effect

Cui Xiaoyu, Chen Chunhua, Su Tao. A Study on How TMT Heterogeneity Affects Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analytic Examination[J]. , 2018, 30(9): 152-163.

References

[1] Hambrick D. C., Mason P. A. Upper Echelons:The Organization as A Reflection of Its Top Managers[J]. Academy of Manage-ment Review, 1984,9(2):193-206
[2] 王雪莉,马琳,王艳丽. 高管团队职能背景对企业绩效的影响:以中国信息技术行业上市公司为例[J]. 南开管理评论, 2013,16(4):80-93
[3] Murray A. I. Top Management Group Heterogeneity and Firm Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1989,10(S1):125-141
[4] 张必武,石金涛. 国外高管团队人口特征与企业绩效关系研究新进展[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2005,27(6):17-23
[5] 孙海法,姚振华,严茂胜. 高管团队人口统计特征对纺织和信息技术公司经营绩效的影响[J]. 南开管理评论, 2006,9(6):61-67
[6] 周建,方刚,刘小元. 制度环境、公司治理对企业竞争优势的影响研究——基于中国上市公司的经验证据[J]. 南开管理评论, 2009,12(5):18-27
[7] Tihanyi L., Ellstrand A. E., Daily C. M.,et al. Composition of The Top Management Team and Firm International Diversification[J]. Journal of Management, 2000,26(6):1157-1177
[8] 张平. 高层管理团队异质性与企业绩效关系研究[J]. 管理评论, 2006,18(5):54-61
[9] Hambrick D. C., Cho T. S., Chen M. The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on Firms' Competitive Moves[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1996,41(4):659-684
[10] Bantel K. A., Jackson S. E. Top Management and Innovations in Banking:Does The Composition of The Top Team Make A Difference?[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1989,10(S1):107-124
[11] Smith K. G., Smith K. A., Olian J. D.,et al. Top Management Team Demography and Process:The Role of Social Integration and Communication[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1994,39(3):412-438
[12] Ancona D. G., Caldwell D. F. Demography and Design:Predictors of New Product Team Performance[J]. Organization Science, 1992,3(3):321-341
[13] Michel J. G., Hambrick D. C. Diversification Posture and Top Management Team Characteristics[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1992,35(1):9-37
[14] Schwenk C. R. Top Management Team Strategic Consensus, Demographic Homogeneity and Firm Performance:A Report of Re-sounding Nonfindings[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1996,17(7):571-576
[15] Certo S. T., Lester R. H., Dalton C. M., et al. Top Management Teams, Strategy and Financial Performance:A Meta-Analytic Examination[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2006,43(4):813-839
[16] 贺远琼,杨文,陈昀. 基于Meta分析的高管团队特征与企业绩效关系研究[J]. 软科学, 2009,23(1):12-16
[17] 谢敏明. 基于元分析的高管团队异质性与产品创新绩效关系研究[J]. 现代物业(中旬刊), 2011,(11):151-155
[18] 张毅,赵文平,周达培. 基于元分析的高管团队异质性与企业创新绩效关系研究[J]. 经营管理者, 2014,(23):10-11
[19] Schmidt F. L., Hunter J. E. Methods of Meta-Analysis:Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings[M]. Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications, 2014
[20] Finkelstein S., Hambrick D. C. Strategic Leadership:Top Executives and Their Effects on Organizations[M]. Minneapolis-St. Paul:South-Western Pub, 1996
[21] Carpenter M. A. The Implications of Strategy and Social Context for the Relationship between Top Management Team Heterogenei-ty and Firm Performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2002,23(3):275-284
[22] Marimuthu M., Kolandaisamy I. Demographic Diversity in Top Level Management and Its Implications on Firm Financial Perform-ance:An Empirical Discussion[J]. International Journal of Business & Management, 2009,4(6):176-188
[23] Qian C., Cao Q., Takeuchi R. Top Management Team Functional Diversity and Organizational Innovation in China:The Modera-ting Effects of Environment[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2013,34(1):110-120
[24] 李卫宁,吴荻. 基于TMT年龄和任期异质性调节效应的新任CEO显性特征与经营绩效关系研究[J]. 管理学报, 2014,11(8):1158-1167
[25] 谢凤华,姚先国,古家军. 高层管理团队异质性与企业技术创新绩效关系的实证研究[J]. 科研管理, 2008,29(6):65-73
[26] Lipsey M. W., Wilson D. B. Practical Meta-Analysis[M]. Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications, Inc, 2001
[27] Kim K., Rasheed A. A. Board Heterogeneity, Corporate Diversification and Firm Performance[J]. Journal of Management Re-search, 2014,14(2):121-139
[28] Alexiev A. S., Jansen J. J., Van Den Bosch F. A et al. Top Management Team Advice Seeking and Exploratory Innovation:The Moderating Role of TMT Heterogeneity[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2010,47(7):1343-1364
[29] Amason A. C., Shrader R. C., Tompson G. H. Newness and Novelty:Relating Top Management Team Composition to New Ven-ture Performance[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21(1):125-148
[30] Simons T., Pelled L. H., Smith K. A. Making Use of Difference:Diversity, Debate, and Decision Comprehensiveness in Top Management Teams[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1999,42(6):662-673
[31] 刘升福,任静. 高管团队异质性与企业战略绩效关系研究——以中小上市企业为例[J]. 财会通讯, 2015,(12):42-45
[32] Dutton J. E., Duncan R. B. The Creation of Momentum for Change through the Process of Strategic Issue Diagnosis[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1987,8(3):279-295
[33] Watson W. E., Kumar K., Michaelsen L. K. Cultural Diversity's Impact on Interaction Process and Performance:Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1993,36(3):590-602
[34] 牛芳,张玉利,杨俊. 创业团队异质性与新企业绩效:领导者乐观心理的调节作用[J]. 管理评论, 2011,23(11):110-119
[35] Wiersema M. F., Bantel K. A. Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1992,35(1):91-121
[36] 黄越,杨乃定,张宸璐. 高层管理团队异质性对企业绩效的影响研究——以股权集中度为调节变量[J]. 管理评论, 2011, 23(11):120-125
[37] Camelo-Ordaz C., HernÁNdez-Lara A. B., Valle-Cabrera R. The Relationship between Top Management Teams and Innovative Capacity in Companies[J]. Journal of Management Development, 2005,24(8):683-705
[38] Finkelstein S. Power in Top Management Teams:Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation[J]. Academy of Management Jour-nal, 1992,35(3):505-538
[39] Bunderson J. S., Sutcliffe K. M. Comparing Alternative Conceptualizations of Functional Diversity in Management Teams:Process and Performance Effects[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002,45(5):875-893
[40] Cannella A. A., Park J., Lee H. Top Management Team Functional Background Diversity and Firm Performance:Examining the Roles of Team Member Colocation and Environmental Uncertainty[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2008,51(4):768-784
[41] Giscombe K., Mattis M. C. Leveling the Playing Field for Women of Color in Corporate Management:Is the Business Case Enough?[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2002,37(1):103-119
[42] Cox T. H., Blake S. Managing Cultural Diversity:Implications for Organizational Competitiveness[J]. The Executive, 1991,5(3):45-56
[43] Barsade S. G., Ward A. J., Turner J. D., et al. To Your Heart's Content:A Model of Affective Diversity in Top Management Teams[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000,45(4):802-836
[44] 马富萍,郭晓川. 高管团队异质性与技术创新绩效的关系研究——以高管团队行为整合为调节变量[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2010,31(12):186-191
[45] Carpenter M. A., Geletkanycz M. A., Sanders W. G. Upper Echelons Research Revisited:Antecedents, Elements, and Conse-quences of Top Management Team Composition[J]. Journal of Management, 2004,30(6):749-778
[46] Srivastava A., Lee H. Predicting Order and Timing of New Product Moves:The Role of Top Management in Corporate Entrepre-neurship[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2005,20(4):459-481
[47] Wang G., Oh I., Courtright S. H., et al. Transformational Leadership and Performance across Criteria and Levels:A Meta-Ana-lytic Review of 25 Years of Research[J]. Group & Organization Management, 2011,36(2):223-270
[48] Johnson S., Schnatterly K., Hill A. D. Board Composition beyond Independence:Social Capital, Human Capital, and Demo-graphics[J]. Journal of Management, 2013,39(1):232-262
[49] Hofstede G. Cultures and Organizations. The Software of the Mind[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1991,8(2):113-119
[50] Hox J. J., Boeije H. R. Data Collection, Primary Vs. Secondary[J]. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005,(1):593-599
[51] 苏敬勤,刘静. 案例研究数据科学性的评价体系——基于不同数据源案例研究样本论文的实证分析[J]. 科学学研究, 2013,31(10):1522-1531
[52] 张翼,樊耘,赵菁. 国外管理学研究中的元分析评介[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2009,31(7):1-8
[53] 卫旭华,刘咏梅,陈思璇. 团队人口统计特征多元化与绩效关系的元分析[J]. 心理学报, 2015,47(9):1172-1187
[54] 贺远琼,杨文. 高管团队特征与企业多元化战略关系的Meta分析[J]. 管理学报, 2010,7(1):91-97
[55] 张徽燕,李端凤,姚秦. 中国情境下高绩效工作系统与企业绩效关系的元分析[J]. 南开管理评论, 2012,15(3):139-149
[56] Hedges L. V., Olkin I. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis[M]. Orlando:Academic Press, 2014
[57] Rothstein H. R., Sutton A. J., Borenstein M. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis:Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments[M]. Chichester, West Sussex:John Wiley & Sons, 2006
[58] 翁清雄,彭传虎,曹威麟,等. 大五人格与主观职业成功的关系:对过去15年研究的元分析[J]. 管理评论, 2016,28(1):83-95
[59] 叶舒航,郭东强,葛虹. 转型企业外部知识转移影响因素研究——基于元分析方法[J]. 科学学研究, 2014,32(6):909-918
[60] Huang J., Van Den Brink H. M., Groot W. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Education on Social Capital[J]. Economics of Edu-cation Review, 2009,28(4):454-464
[61] Murray J., Farrington D. P., Sekol I. Children's Antisocial Behavior, Mental Health, Drug Use, and Educational Performance after Parental Incarceration:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 2012,138(2):175-210
[62] Knight D., Pearce C. L., Smith K. G., et al. Top Management Team Diversity, Group Process, and Strategic Consensus[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1999,20(5):445-465
[63] Buyl T., Boone C., Hendriks W., et al. Top Management Team Functional Diversity and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of CEO Characteristics[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2011,48(1):151-177
[64] Cai L., Liu Q., Yu X. Effects of Top Management Team Heterogeneous Background and Behavioural Attributes on the Perform-ance of New Ventures[J]. Systems Research & Behavioral Science, 2013,30(3):354-366
[65] Pegels C. C., Song Y. I., Yang B. Management Heterogeneity, Competitive Interaction Groups, and Firm Performance[J]. Stra-tegic Management Journal, 2000,21(9):911-923
[66] Coser L. A. The Functions of Social Conflict[M]. London:Routledge, 1956
[67] 李华晶,张玉利. 高管团队特征与企业创新关系的实证研究——以科技型中小企业为例[J]. 商业经济与管理, 2006, (5):9-13
[68] Festinger L. A Theory of Social Comparison Processes[J]. Human Relations, 1954,7(2):117-140