出口贸易转型如何影响环境污染?

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 如何实现对外贸易转型升级与环境治理共赢是当前中国经济亟需解决的关键问题。本文基于中国海关贸易数据库与中国城市数据的匹配数据,实证分析了出口贸易转型对环境污染的影响效应及其作用机制。研究发现,出口贸易转型与环境污染之间存在显著的倒U型关系,这一结论在考虑内生性问题以及改变变量衡量方式等稳健性检验后依然成立。影响机制检验表明,出口贸易转型主要通过正向的结构效应和负向的技术效应影响环境污染,当出口贸易转型未达到临界值时,结构效应大于技术效应;当出口贸易转型超过临界值时,结构效应小于技术效应。异质性分析表明,对于中西部地区以及金融发展水平相对较低的城市而言,出口贸易转型与环境污染之间的倒U型关系更为明显。本文的经验发现为深化理解贸易与环境的关系提供了新视角。

关键词: 出口贸易转型, 环境污染, 一般贸易

Abstract: How to achieve a win-win result in both foreign trade transformational upgrading and environmental governance is a key issue that needs to be solved urgently in the Chinese economy under the new development stage. Based on matched Chinese customs data and Chinese city-level data, this paper empirically examines the effects and mechanisms of export trade transformation on pollution. The results show there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between export trade transformation and pollution, which is still robust after considering endogenous problems and changing the measurement of variables. The transformation of export trade affects pollution through the positive composition effect and negative technique effect. When the transformation of export trade does not reach the critical value, the composition effect is greater than the technique effect; when the transformation of export trade exceeds the critical value, the composition effect is less than the technique effect. The inverted U-shaped relationship between export trade transformation and pollution is more evident in the central and western regions and cities with relatively low levels of financial development. These findings provide a new perspective to better understand the relationship between international trade and the environment.

Key words: export trade transformation, environmental pollution, ordinary trade

金友森, 许和连. 出口贸易转型如何影响环境污染?[J]. 管理评论, 2023, 35(8): 43-55.

Jin Yousen, Xu Helian. How does Export Trade Transformation Affect Environmental Pollution?[J]. Management Review, 2023, 35(8): 43-55.

参考文献

[1] 马述忠,张洪胜,王笑笑.融资约束与全球价值链地位提升——来自中国加工贸易企业的理论与证据[J].中国社会科学, 2017,(1):83-107
[2] Dai M., Maitra M., Yu M. Unexceptional Exporter Performance in China? The Role of Processing Trade[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 2016,121:177-189
[3] 齐俊妍,王岚.贸易转型、技术升级和中国出口品国内完全技术含量演进[J].世界经济, 2015,38(3):29-56
[4] Kee H. L., Tang H. Domestic Value Added in Exports:Theory and Firm Evidence from China[J]. American Economic Review, 2016,106(6):1402-1436
[5] Chen Q., Löschel A., Pei J., et al. Processing Trade, Foreign Outsourcing and Carbon Emissions in China[J]. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2019,49:1-12
[6] Grossman G. M., Krueger A. B. Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement[R]. NBER Working Paper, 1991
[7] Copeland B. R., Taylor M. S. North-South Trade and the Environment[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1994,109(3):755-787
[8] Jayadevappa R., Chhatre S. International Trade and Environmental Quality:A Survey[J]. Ecological Economics, 2000,32(2):175-194
[9] Copeland B. R., Taylor M. S. Trade and the Environment:A Partial Synthesis[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1995,77(3):765-771
[10] Ederington J., Minier J. Is Environmental Policy a Secondary Trade Barrier? An Empirical Analysis[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique, 2003,36(1):137-154
[11] Cole M. A. Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve:Examining the Linkages[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004,48(1):71-81
[12] 李锴,齐绍洲.贸易开放、经济增长与中国二氧化碳排放[J].经济研究, 2011,46(11):60-72
[13] 代丽华.贸易开放如何影响PM2.5——基于淮河两岸供暖政策差异的因果效应研究[J].管理评论, 2017,29(5):237-245
[14] 蒋雪梅,刘轶芳.全球价值链视角下的中、美高新技术产业出口效益及环境效应分析[J].管理评论, 2018,30(5):58-63
[15] Antweiler W., Copeland B. R., Taylor M. S. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment? [J]. American Economic Review, 2001,91(4):877-908
[16] Dean J. M. Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique, 2002,35(4):819-842
[17] Frankel J. A., Rose A. K. Is Trade Good or Bad for the Environment? Sorting Out the Causality[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2005,87(1):85-91
[18] Levinson A. Technology, International Trade, and Pollution from US Manufacturing[J]. American Economic Review, 2009,99(5):2177-2192
[19] 陈登科.贸易壁垒下降与环境污染改善——来自中国企业污染数据的新证据[J].经济研究, 2020,55(12):98-114
[20] Cui J., Lapan H., Moschini G. Productivity, Export, and Environmental Performance:Air Pollutants in the United States[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016,98(2):447-467
[21] Forslid R., Okubo T., Ulltveit-Moe K. H. Why Are Firms that Export Cleaner? International Trade, Abatement and Environmental Emissions[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2018,91:166-183
[22] 刘啟仁,陈恬.出口行为如何影响企业环境绩效[J].中国工业经济, 2020,(1):99-117
[23] Wu J., Ma Z. Export Intensity and MNE Customers' Environmental Requirements:Effects on Local Chinese Suppliers' Environment Strategies[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2016,135(2):327-339
[24] 胡艺,张晓卫,李静.出口贸易、地理特征与空气污染[J].中国工业经济, 2019,(9):98-116
[25] Fang J., Gozgor G., Lu Z., et al. Effects of the Export Product Quality on Carbon Dioxide Emissions:Evidence from Developing Economies[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019,26(12):12181-12193
[26] Dogan B., Madaleno M., Tiwari A. K., et al. Impacts of Export Quality on Environmental Degradation:Does Income Matter? [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020,27(12):13735-13772
[27] Mao X., He C. Export Upgrading and Environmental Performance:Evidence from China[J]. Geoforum, 2017,86:150-159
[28] Dean J. M., Lovely M. E. China's Growing Role in World Trade[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2010
[29] Dietzenbacher E., Pei J., Yang C. Trade, Production Fragmentation, and China's Carbon Dioxide Emissions[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2012,64(1):88-101
[30] Manova K., Yu Z. How Firms Export:Processing vs. Ordinary Trade with Financial Frictions[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2016,100:120-137
[31] Bustos P. Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading:Evidence on the Impact of Mercosur on Argentinian Firms[J]. American Economic Review, 2011,101(1):304-340
[32] Yu M. Processing Trade, Tariff Reductions and Firm Productivity:Evidence from Chinese Firms[J]. Economic Journal, 2015,125:943-988
[33] Richter P. M., Schiersch A. CO₂ Emission Intensity and Exporting:Evidence from Firm-Level Data[J]. European Economic Review, 2017,98:373-391
[34] 邵敏,武鹏.出口贸易、人力资本与农民工的就业稳定性——兼议我国产业和贸易的升级[J].管理世界, 2019,35(3):99-113
[35] Brandt L., Morrow P. M. Tariffs and the Organization of Trade in China[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2017,104:85-103
[36] 许和连,金友森,王海成.银企距离与出口贸易转型升级[J].经济研究, 2020,55(11):174-190
[37] Lin F. Trade Openness and Air Pollution:City-Level Empirical Evidence from China[J]. China Economic Review, 2017,45:78-88
[38] Zhang Y. Free Trade and the Environment-Evidence from Chinese Cities[J]. Environment and Development Economics, 2020,25(6):561-582
[39] Bombardini M., Li B. Trade, Pollution and Mortality in China[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2020,125:103321
[40] Khan M. A., Ozturk I. Examining Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Pollution Linkage in Asia[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020,27(7):7244-7255
[41] 李力,唐登莉,孔英,等. FDI对城市雾霾污染影响的空间计量研究——以珠三角地区为例[J].管理评论, 2016,28(6):11-24
[42] Du W., Li M. Influence of Environmental Regulation on Promoting the Low-Carbon Transformation of China's Foreign Trade:Based on the Dual Margin of Export Enterprise[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020,244:118687
[43] Andersson M., Lööf H. Agglomeration and Productivity:Evidence from Firm-Level Data[J]. The Annals of Regional Science, 2011,46(3):601-620
[44] Zeng D. Z., Zhao L. Pollution Havens and Industrial Agglomeration[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2009,58(2):141-153
[45] Stock J. H., Yogo M. Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression[R]. NBER Technical Working Paper, 2002
[46] Guo W., Chen Y. Assessing the Efficiency of China's Environmental Regulation on Carbon Emissions Based on Tapio Decoupling Models and GMM Models[J]. Energy Reports, 2018,4:713-723
[47] Vardanyan E. Do Remittances Worsen Export Diversification[R]. Economics Discussion Papers, 2019
[48] 王雅琦,张文魁,洪圣杰.出口产品质量与中间品供给[J].管理世界, 2018,34(8):30-40
[49] Crinò R., Ogliari L. Financial Imperfections, Product Quality, and International Trade[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2017,104:63-84
[50] Jena P. R. Does Trade Liberalization Create More Pollution? Evidence from a Panel Regression Analysis across the States of India[J]. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 2018,20(4):861-877