中西方谦逊的研究回顾和比较分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着组织工作环境动荡化、复杂化和不确定性的提高,谦逊作为一种美德逐渐受到了学者的关注。然而,由于中西方文化存在差异,谦逊的内涵和表现可能不同。本文通过对中西方谦逊研究的回顾和梳理,系统地归纳了中西方谦逊在历史、道德价值、内涵、类别、影响因素以及影响效应方面的联系,对比了两者在起源、实践、言语表达以及表现目的方面的差异,并在此基础上为我国学者开展谦逊研究提供了可参考的途径。

关键词: 谦逊, 谦虚, 组织道德

Abstract:

With theincreasing turbulence, complexity and uncertainty of organizational environment, humility as a virtue has attracted more and more attention from organization researchers. However, due to differences between Chinese and the Western cultures, the content and performance of humility in both cultures may also exist differently. Based on a review of humility studies in the West and China, we make a systematic comparison of the Chinese and Western humility in origin, meaning, measurement and organizational performance. Then, we review the current studies of humility, and indicate the direction of future humility studies.

Key words: humility, modest, organizational ethics

毛江华, 廖建桥, 刘文兴. 中西方谦逊的研究回顾和比较分析[J]. , 2016, 28(3): 154-163.

Mao Jianghua, Liao Jianqiao, Liu Wenxing. A Review and Comparison of Humility Studies between the West and China[J]. , 2016, 28(3): 154-163.

参考文献

[1] Crossan M., Vera D., Nanjad L. Transcendent Leadership:Strategic Leadership in Dynamic Environments[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2008,19(5):569-581
[2] Hugo V. The History of Crime[M]. New York:Mondial, 2005
[3] Senge P. M. The Fifth Discipline:The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization[M]. New York:Broadway Business, 2006
[4] Vera D., Rodriguez-Lopez A. Strategic Virtues:Humility as a Source of Competitive Advantage[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 2004,33(4):393-408
[5] Hamel G., Breen B. The Future of Management[M]. Cambridge:Harvard Business Press, 2007
[6] Carr A. Positive Psychology[M]. London:Routledge, 2011
[7] Tangney J. P. Humility:Theoretical Perspectives, Empirical Findings and Directions for Future Research[J]. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2000,19(1):70-82
[8] Grenberg J. Kant and the Ethics of Humility:A Story of Dependence, Corruption and Virtue[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2005
[9] Weick K. E., Sutcliffe K. M. Managing the Unexpected[M]. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass, 2001
[10] Pfeffer J., Sutton R. The Knowing-Doing Gap:How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action[M]. Cambridge:Harvard Business Press, 1999
[11] Nielsen R., Marrone J. A., Ferraro H. S. Leading with Humility[M]. London:Routledge, 2013
[12] Murray A. Humility:The Beauty of Holiness[M]. New York:Randolph, 1895
[13] 窦文宇,窦勇.汉字字源:当代新说文解字[M]. 长春:吉林文史出版社, 2005
[14] 张其成.易学大辞典[M]. 北京:华夏出版社, 1992
[15] Woodward K., Miller S. What is Virtue?[J]. Newsweek, 1994,123(24):38-39
[16] Driver J. The Virtues of Ignorance[J]. The Journal of Philosophy, 1989,86(7):373-384
[17] Flanagan O. Virtue and Ignorance[J]. The Journal of Philosophy, 1990,87(8):420-428
[18] Schueler G. F. Why Modesty is a Virtue[J]. Ethics, 1997,107(3):467-485
[19] King L. A., Hicks J. A. Whatever Happened to "What Might Have Been"? Regrets, Happiness, and Maturity[J]. American Psychologist, 2007,62(7):625-636
[20] Owens B. P., Hekman D. R. Modeling How to Grow:An Inductive Examination of Humble Leader Behaviors, Contingencies, and Outcomes[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2012,55(4):787-818
[21] Owens B. P., Johnson M. D., Mitchell T. R. Expressed Humility in Organizations:Implications for Performance, Teams, and Leadership[J]. Organization Science, 2013,24(5):1517-1538
[22] 冯友兰.主松堂全集[M]. 郑州:河南人民出版社, 1986
[23] Ou A. Y., Tsui A. S., Kinicki A. J., et al. Humble Chief Executive Officers' Connections to Top Management Team Integration and Middle Managers' Responses[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2014,59(1):34-72
[24] 韩冬,张志丹.浅析谦虚的内涵[J]. 社会科学论坛, 2005,(9):116-122
[25] 李杰.传统谦德及其现代转型[J]. 云南民族大学学报(社会科学版), 2011,28(3):82-85
[26] 曲庆,何志婵,梅哲群.谦卑领导行为对领导有效性和员工组织认同影响的实证研究[J]. 中国软科学, 2013,(7):101-109
[27] Halling S., Kunz G., Rowe J. O. The Contributions of Dialogal Psychology to Phenomenological Research[J]. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1994,34(1):109-131
[28] Ashton M. C., Lee K. The Prediction of Honesty-Humility-related Criteria by the HEXACO and Five-Factor Models of Personality[J]. Journal of Research in Personality, 2008,42(5):1216-1228
[29] Whetstone M. R., Okun M. A., Cialdini R. B. The Modest Responding Scale[C]. Washington, DC:The American Psychological Society, 1992
[30] Cooper A. M., Michels R. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders[J]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1981,138(1):128-129
[31] Rowatt W. C., Powers C., Targhetta V., et al. Development and Initial Validation of an Implicit Measure of Humility Relative to Arrogance[J]. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2006,1(4):198-211
[32] Fiedler K., Bluemke M. Faking the IAT:Aided and Unaided Response Control on the Implicit Association Tests[J]. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2005,27(4):307-316
[33] Knight P. A., Nadel J. I. Humility Revisited:Self-esteem, Information Search, and Policy Consistency[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1986,38(2):196-206
[34] Furnham A., Hosoe T., Tang T. L. P. Male Hubris and Female Humility? A Crosscultural Study of Ratings of Self, Parental, and Sibling Multiple Intelligence in America, Britain, and Japan[J]. Intelligence, 2002,30(1):101-115
[35] Exline J. J., Geyer A. L. Perceptions of Humility:A Preliminary Study[J]. Self and Identity, 2004,3(2):95-114
[36] 官群,孟万金.中国中小学生积极心理品质量表编制报告[J]. 中国特殊教育, 2009,(4):70-76
[37] 胡金生,黄希庭.自谦:中国人一种重要的行事风格初探[J]. 心理科学, 2009,41(9):842-852
[38] 谢威士,刘中和.大学生谦虚心理现状及其特征分析[J]. 石家庄学院学报, 2011,13(3):99-102
[39] 傅根跃,陈伟伟.小学儿童谦虚行为的发展研究[J]. 应用心理学, 2001,7(1):19-24
[40] Morris J. A., Brotheridge C. M., Urbanski J. C. Bringing Humility to Leadership:Antecedents and Consequences of Leader Humility[J]. Human Relations, 2005,58(10):1323-1350
[41] Bowlby J. The Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother1[M]. New York:Mss Information Corporation, 1973
[42] Gould R. J., Slone C. G. The "Feminine Modesty" Effect A Self-Presentational Interpretation of Sex Differences in Causal Attribution[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1982,8(3):477-485
[43] Xie J. L., Roy J. P., Chen Z. Cultural and Individual Differences in Self-rating Behavior:An Extension and Refinement of the Cultural Relativity Hypothesis[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2006,27(3):341-364
[44] Tice D. M., Butler J. L., Muraven M. B., et al. When Modesty Prevails:Differential Favorability of Self-presentation to Friends and Strangers[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995,69(6):1120-1138
[45] Kurman J., Sriram N. Interrelationships among Vertical and Horizontal Collectivism, Modesty, and Self-enhancement[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2002,33(1):71-86
[46] Murphy K. R. Modesty Bias in Self-ratings of Performance:A Test of the Cultural Relativity Hypothesis[J]. Personnel Psychology, 1993,46(2):357-363
[47] 梁小玲.大学生谦虚心理研究[D]. 南昌大学硕士学位论文, 2011
[48] 傅根跃,陈伟伟.小学儿童谦虚的道德评价[J]. 心理科学, 2000,23(5):581-585
[49] 王春会.浅析谦虚的中西文化差异[J]. 南昌教育学院学报, 2011,26(8):37-38
[50] Exline J. J., Baumeister R. F., Bushman B. J., et al. Too Proud to Let Go:Narcissistic Entitlement as a Barrier to Forgiveness[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004,87(6):894-912
[51] Cai H., Sedikides C., Gaertner L., et al. Tactical Self-Enhancement in China Is Modesty at the Service of Self-Enhancement in East Asian Culture?[J]. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2011,2(1):59-64
[52] Kulkofsky S., Wang Q. The Role of Modesty in the East Asian Self and Implications for Cognition[A]//Vanshevsky M. A, Focus on Cognitive Psychology Research[M]. New York:Nova Science, 2005
[53] Hilbig B. E., Zettler I. Pillars of Cooperation:Honesty-Humility, Social Value Orientations, and Economic Behavior[J]. Journal of Research in Personality, 2009,43(3):516-519
[54] LaBouff J. P., Rowatt W. C., Johnson M. K., et al. Humble Persons Are More Helpful than Less Humble Persons:Evidence from Three Studies[J]. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2012,7(1):16-29
[55] Owens B. P. Is It Distinct? Establishing Conceptual and Empirical Validity for Leader Humility[J]. Working Paper, 2010
[56] 刘肖岑,桑标,张文新.自利和自谦归因影响大学生人际交往的实验研究[J]. 心理科学, 2007,30(5):1068-1072
[57] 胡金生.中国人自谦的动机及其与主观幸福感的关系[J]. 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2009,32(5):48-51
[58] 谢威士,谷成飞,闫雷.当代大学生谦虚心理与社会支持的关系[J]. 石家庄学院学报, 2013,15(3):82-85
[59] 陈进国.中华教:当代儒教的三种实践形态[J]. 原道, 2010,(0):20-25
[60] 张晓东.道德:追寻生存方式之"善"[J]. 学术研究, 2013,(1):26-30
[61] 徐亮.爱与谦卑:当下大众文化最缺失的道德价值[J]. 文艺研究, 2011,(12):5-13
[62] 胡金生.传统和现代视野中的自谦[J]. 心理学探新, 2007,27(3):19-21
[63] Murray A. Humility[M]. Ada:Baker Publishing Group, 2009
[64] 郑桃云.中西方文化中"谦虚"的不同内涵及其成因[J]. 继续教育研究, 2009,(2):144-145
[65] Hu H. C. The Chinese Concepts of "Face"[J]. American Anthropologist, 1944,46(1):45-64
[66] Gersick C. J. G. Revolutionary Change Theories:A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1991,16(1):10-36
[67] Collins J. Level 5 Leadership:The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve[J]. Harvard Business Review, 2005,83(7):136-143