企业内外部知识分布与二元学习平衡：基于中国创新型企业的实证研究

管理评论 ›› 2020, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 82-92.

企业内外部知识分布与二元学习平衡：基于中国创新型企业的实证研究

汤超颖, 刘丽, 李美智

中国科学院大学经济与管理学院, 北京 100190

收稿日期:2019-09-16 发布日期:2020-07-10
通讯作者: 汤超颖(通讯作者),中国科学院大学经济与管理学院教授,博士
作者简介:刘丽,中国科学院大学经济与管理学院博士研究生;李美智,中国科学院大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目（71673264；71974178）；科技部创新方法工作专项（2018IM030100）。

Knowledge Distribution among External and Internal Cooperative Networks and Organizational Ambidexterity: Evidence from Chinese Innovative Firms

Tang Chaoying, Liu Li, Li Meizhi

School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190

Received:2019-09-16 Published:2020-07-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 二元学习平衡是指企业兼顾探索式学习和挖掘式学习，它是企业实现短期绩效与长期绩效的关键。由于知识在企业外部合作伙伴之间的分布影响企业获取外部知识，知识在企业内部研发人员之间的分布影响企业吸收外部知识，知识分布会影响企业二元学习平衡。本文引入二模网络分析方法刻画知识分布特征，实证了知识分布对于企业二元学习平衡的影响，包括知识在企业外部合作伙伴之间分布的广泛性和不均匀性影响企业外部知识获取、知识在企业内部研发人员之间分布的异质性和重叠性影响外部知识吸收。本文分析了2000—2016年29家中国创新型企业的134767个专利数据，结果表明：知识在企业外部合作伙伴之间分布的广泛性和不均匀性正向影响企业二元学习平衡；知识在企业内部研发人员之间分布的异质性正向调节知识在企业外部合作伙伴之间分布的广泛性与不均匀性与企业二元学习平衡的关系；知识在企业内部研发人员之间分布的重叠性负向调节知识在企业外部合作伙伴之间分布的广泛性与企业二元学习平衡的关系。最后，本研究就我国创新型企业内外部知识布局和研发管理提出对策建议。

关键词: 二元学习平衡, 知识分布, 知识异质性, 二模网络

Abstract: Ambidexterity refers to the firm engaging in both exploratory learning and exploitative learning, and it is a key element in order to achieve both short-term performance and long-term performance. Due to the fact that knowledge distribution among cooperators affects the firms' accessed external knowledge, and knowledge distribution among employees affects the absorption of external knowledge, knowledge distribution should affect firms' ambidexterity. This study introduces the two-mode network analysis method to present the characteristics of knowledge distribution, and explores the influence of knowledge distribution on firms' ambidexterity. It points out that the broadness and uneven knowledge distribution among cooperators will influence firms accessed external knowledge. Meanwhile, the heterogeneous and overlapping knowledge distribution among employees within the firm will influence firm's ability to absorb external knowledge. The results based on 134,767 patent data applied by 29 Chinese innovative firms in the period of 2000 to 2016 show that the broadness and uneven knowledge distribution among cooperators both positively affect firms' ambidexterity. Furthermore, the heterogeneous knowledge distribution among employees positively moderates the above relationships. The overlapping knowledge distribution among employees negatively moderated the broadness of knowledge distribution among firm cooperators and firms' ambidexterity. The findings have important implications for firms' internal and external knowledge layout and R&D management.

Key words: ambidexterity, knowledge distribution, knowledge heterogeneity, two-mode cooperative network

汤超颖, 刘丽, 李美智. 企业内外部知识分布与二元学习平衡：基于中国创新型企业的实证研究[J]. 管理评论, 2020, 32(6): 82-92.

Tang Chaoying, Liu Li, Li Meizhi. Knowledge Distribution among External and Internal Cooperative Networks and Organizational Ambidexterity: Evidence from Chinese Innovative Firms[J]. Management Review, 2020, 32(6): 82-92.

参考文献

[1] March J. G. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning[J]. Organization Science, 1991,2(1):71-87
[2] He Z. L., Wong P. K. Exploration vs. Exploitation:An Empirical Test of the Ambidexterity Hypothesis[J]. Organization Science, 2004,15(4):481-494
[3] Luger J., Raisch S., Schimmer M. Dynamic Balancing of Exploration and Exploitation:The Contingent Benefits of Ambidexterity[J]. Organization Science, 2018,29(3):449-470
[4] 林明,董必荣. 行业技术动态下相关技术多样化对二元创新平衡的影响研究[J]. 科研管理, 2014,35(10):9-16
[5] Fu L., Liao S., Liu Z., et al. An Investigation of Resource Allocation Mechanism for Exploration and Exploitation Under Limited Resource[J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2020, DOI:10.1109/tem.2019.2938480
[6] 林枫,孙小微,张雄林,等. 探索性学习-利用性学习平衡研究进展及管理意义[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2015,36(4):55-63
[7] 汤超颖,李美智,张桂阳. 中国创新型企业内外部研发合作网络对组织二元学习平衡的影响[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2018,39(5):76-88
[8] Phelps C. C. A Longitudinal Study of the Influence of Alliance Network Structure and Composition on Firm Exploratory Innovation[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2010,53(4):890-913
[9] Hannan M. T., Carroll G. R. The Dynamics of Organizational Populations[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 1992
[10] Hagedoorn J., Lokshin B., Zobel A. K. Partner Type Diversity in Alliance Portfolios:Multiple Dimensions, Boundary Conditions and Firm Innovation Performance[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2018,55(5):809-836
[11] Garcia-Vega M. Does Technological Diversification Promote Innovation? An Empirical Analysis for European Firms[J]. Research Policy, 2006,35(2):230-246
[12] Kim J., Lee C. Y., Cho Y. Technological Diversification, Core-technology Competence, and Firm Growth[J]. Research Policy, 2016,45(1):113-124
[13] Zhang G., Tang C. How could Firm's Internal R&D Collaboration Bring More Innovation?[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2017,125:299-308
[14] Hambrick D. C. Top Management Groups:A Conceptual Integration and Reconsideration of the "Team" Label[A]. In Staw B. M., Cummings L. L. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior[C]. Greenwich, CT:JAI Press, 1994
[15] Wasserman S., Faust K. Social Network Analysis:Methods and Applications[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press, 1994
[16] Marhold K., Kang J. The Effects of Internal Technological Diversity and External Uncertainty on Technological Alliance Portfolio Diversity[J]. Industry and Innovation, 2017,24(2):1-21
[17] Carnabuci G., Operti E. Where do Firms' Recombinant Capabilities Come From? Intraorganizational Networks, Knowledge, and Firms' Ability to Innovate through Technological Recombination[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2013,34(13):1591-1613
[18] 高太山,柳卸林. 企业国际研发联盟是否有助于突破性创新?[J]. 科研管理, 2016,37(1):48-57
[19] Laursen K., Salter A. Open for Innovation:The Role of Openness in Explaining Innovation Performance Among U.K. Manufacturing Firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2006,27(2):131-150
[20] 潘佳,刘益,郑凇月. 外部知识搜寻和企业绩效关系研究:以信息技术服务外包行业为例[J]. 管理评论, 2017,29(6):73-84
[21] Quintana-Garcaí C., Benavides-Velasco C. A. Innovative Competence, Exploration and Exploitation:The Influence of Technological Diversification[J]. Research Policy, 2008,37(3):492-507
[22] 林筠,韩鑫,张敏. 结合型与桥接型社会资本对双元创新的影响[J]. 科学学研究, 2017,35(10):1557-1566
[23] Sakakibara M. Heterogeneity of Firm Capabilities and Cooperative Research and Development:An Empirical Examination of Motives[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18(S1):143-164
[24] Bogers M., Foss N. J., Lyngsie J. The "Human Side" of Open Innovation:The Role of Employee Diversity in Firm-level Openness[J]. Research Policy, 2018,47(1):218-231
[25] Dahlander L., O'Mahony S., Gann D. M. One Foot in, One Foot out:How does Individuals' External Search Breadth Affect Innovation Outcomes?[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2016,37(2):280-302
[26] Rothaermel F. T., Hill C. W. Technological Discontinuities and Complementary Assets:A Longitudinal Study of Industry and Firm Performance[J]. Organization Science, 2005,16(1):52-70
[27] 胡汉辉,潘安成. 组织知识转移与学习能力的系统研究[J]. 管理科学学报, 2006,9(3):81-87
[28] Katila R., Ahuja G. Something Old, Something New:A Longitudinal Study of Search Behavior and New Product Introduction[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002,45(6):1183-1194
[29] Wang C., Rodan S., Fruin M., et al. Knowledge Networks, Collaboration Networks, and Exploratory Innovation[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2014,57(2):484-514
[30] Gilsing V., Nooteboom B., Vanhaverbeke W., et al. Network Embeddedness and the Exploration of Novel Technologies:Technological Distance, Betweenness Centrality and Density[J]. Research Policy, 2008,37(10):1717-1731
[31] Carley K. M. Summary of Key Network Measures for Characterizing Organizational Architectures[Z]. Carnegie Mellon University, 2002, Available at:http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/publications/papers/reminga_2002_ora.pdf
[32] Leiponen A., Helfat C. E. Location, Decentralization, and Knowledge Sources for Innovation[J]. Organization Science, 2011,22(3):641-658
[33] Marrocu E., Paci R., Usai S. Proximity, Networking and Knowledge Production in Europe:What Lessons for Innovation Policy?[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2013,80(8):1484-1498